Modern Scientific and Technical Communication
Structure of the Course
Oral vs. written communication
Oral scientific and technical communication
Contents of the speech
Speech anxiety (stage fright)
Ways of relaxation
Breath is the key to life
Breath exercises
Breath exercises
Breath exercises
Breath exercises
Breath exercises
Muscular relaxation
Muscular relaxation
Contents of the speech
Know your audience
The Pyramid Principle
Minto model + Gandapas model =
vk.com/communication_2017
Credit Requirements
Introduction
Conclusion
Logos
Logos
Pathos
Ethos
Ethos
Argument Structure
Premises
Types of Logical Proofs
Argument from Sign
Argument from Induction
Argument from Cause
Argument from Deduction
Argument from Analogy
Argument from Definition
Argument from Statistics
Types of Proof Connected with Ethos and Pathos
Toulmin’s Argument Model
Toulmin’s Argument Model
Home task
2.16M
Категория: ПедагогикаПедагогика

Modern Scientific and Technical Communication

1. Modern Scientific and Technical Communication

Dr. Alina A. Alexeeva
[email protected]
1

2. Structure of the Course

• Oral scientific and technical
communication
• Written scientific and technical
communication
2

3.

• What is your motivation to attend these
lessons?
• Have you ever had any experience in
written/oral scientific/technical
communication?
• If yes, tell us a little bit about it.
3

4. Oral vs. written communication

• Aims: to inform or persuade?
• Style: formal or semi-formal?
• Structure?
4

5. Oral scientific and technical communication

5

6.

Presentation is like a sweet
6

7.

2. Form of the presentation
1. Contents of the speech
7

8. Contents of the speech

• Deep ideas
• Choice of information
• Structure
• Logics
8

9.

Physical aspect
Visual aspect
Form
of the presentation
Psychological
aspect
Language
aspect
9

10.

Form of the presentation
• Physical aspect:
- muscular relaxation
- breath
- body language (gestures, postures, and
movement)
- articulation
10

11.

Form of the presentation
• Psychological aspect:
- anxiety management
- making contact with the audience
- appropriate answers to the questions
11

12.

Form of the presentation
• Language aspect:
- correct use of grammar structures, words
and expressions, correct pronunciation
etc.
- rhetorical techniques
12

13.

Form of the presentation
• Visual aspect:
- contents and design of slides
13

14. Speech anxiety (stage fright)

• speaker–audience opposition
• fear of rejection
• excitement
paralyzing fear
14

15. Ways of relaxation

• breath exercises
• physical exercises
15

16. Breath is the key to life

16

17. Breath exercises

Ex. 1
As you inhale, draw your shoulders and
elbows back. Hold your breath for 2 sec.,
then exhale abruptly.
17

18. Breath exercises

Ex. 2
Inhale energetically for 4 sec., straining all
your muscles. Then exhale and relax all
the muscles for 4-6 sec.
18

19. Breath exercises

Ex. 3
Place a hand on your lower belly. Inhale
deeply into your lower belly. Feel the hand
rising as your belly fills. Don’t let your
chest and shoulders rise.
19

20. Breath exercises

Ex. 4
Sit down on a chair and bend over so that
your body would lie on your laps. Inhale
slowly – your body will rise; exhale
pronouncing “pf-f-f”.
20

21. Breath exercises

Ex. 5
Inhale into your lower belly. Puff out your
cheeks. Blow the air out of your cheeks
through the narrow hole in your mouth. Do
it slowly and with noise.
21

22. Muscular relaxation

Ex. 1
This exercise can be done in standing, lying
or sitting position. Strain every muscle of
your body for 5 sec. Then relax completely
for the next 5 sec.
22

23. Muscular relaxation

Ex. 2
Adopt an uncomfortable pose. Try to feel the
place where there is a painful point in your
body. Use only your mind to relax this
muscle without changing your position.
23

24. Contents of the speech

24

25. Know your audience

• Who are these people?
• What do they expect from your presentation?
• What do they already know?
• What don’t they know yet?
• What information will be useful for them? What
information will be redundant?
25

26.

26

27. The Pyramid Principle

• Multilevel system (the lower the level, the more
details it has)
• Executive summary as the peak of the pyramid
• Supporting arguments
• Inductive reasoning
• Deductive reasoning
27

28.

28

29.

29

30.

Gandapas structure of the
presentation
• Introduction (20%)
• Body (60%)
CLIMAX
• Conclusion (20%)
30

31. Minto model + Gandapas model =

• Introduction (20%)
• Body (60%)
• Conclusion (20%)
31

32. vk.com/communication_2017

33. Credit Requirements

• 12 ninety-minute lessons attended
• 1 prepared presentation
• 1 text written at home
33

34. Introduction


Self-presentation
Structure of the presentation
Question(s)
Joke
Interesting fact connected with the topic
Story connected with the topic
Expression of feelings
Compliment to the audience
Using of “in-group/out-group” principle
34

35. Conclusion


Summary of the presentation
Prospects
Question(s)
Joke
Story connected with the topic
Expression of feelings
Compliment to the audience
Using of “in-group/out-group” principle
Aphorism
Appeal
35

36.

Logical Aspect of Presentation
36

37.

37

38. Logos

appeal to logical reasoning ability of
speakers, the message by which you
attempt to reason with your audience
38

39. Logos

• facts
• case studies
• statistics
• experiments
• logical reasoning
• analogies
39

40. Pathos

appeal to beliefs and feelings
40

41. Ethos

the speaker’s character, credibility, and
authority
41

42. Ethos

• trustworthiness
• expert testimony
• reliable sources
• fairness
42

43.

43

44.

44

45. Argument Structure

• A premise (or premiss) of an argument is
something that is put forward as a truth, but
which is not proven.
• A conclusion (or claim) is the statement with
which you want the other person to agree.
• Inferences are further statements between the
conclusion and the premises which translate the
premises into the conclusion.
45

46. Premises

• There may be two or more premises in any
argument.
• If you are making an argument, you should be
ready to defend any of your own premises.
• If you want to attack another person's argument,
you can challenge the truth of their premises.
46

47. Types of Logical Proofs

• Argument from sign
• Argument from induction
• Argument from cause
• Argument from deduction
• Argument from historical, literal, or figurative analogy
• Argument from definition
• Argument from statistics
47

48. Argument from Sign

• Certain
e.g. Fever is a sign of illness.
• Probable
e.g. The growing problem of obesity in
America is a sign that a growing number of
Americans are eating high calorie diets ...
48

49. Argument from Induction

A large percentage of home schooled
children perform above national averages
on standardized tests.
Home schooled children receive a superior
education.
49

50. Argument from Cause

Children are violent as a result of playing
violent video games.
50

51. Argument from Deduction

1) Teachers want students to succeed in
their studies.
2) Mary is a teacher.
She wants you to succeed in this class.
51

52. Argument from Analogy

e.g., if we use a comparison between Stalin
and Putin to analyze current events or
predict future events in Russia
52

53. Argument from Definition

The interpretation of what constitutes “life”
will have a significant bearing on the
treatment of embryos for the purposes of
stem cell research.
53

54. Argument from Statistics

The USA should end draft registration
because it costs $27.5 million dollars per
year.
54

55. Types of Proof Connected with Ethos and Pathos

• Argument from Authority
CLAIM: California will have an earthquake.
SUPPORT: Professors and scientists say so.
• Motivational Proofs
CLAIM: You should support this candidate.
SUPPORT: This candidate can help you get job security
and safe neighborhoods.
• Value proofs
CLAIM: The curriculum should be multicultural.
SUPPORT: A multicultural curriculum will contribute to
equality and acceptance.
55

56. Toulmin’s Argument Model

• Claim
• Grounds (data)
• Warrant
• Backing
• Qualifier
• Rebuttal
56

57. Toulmin’s Argument Model

• Claim
You should use a hearing aid.
• Grounds (data)
Over 70% of all people over 65 years have a hearing
difficulty.
• Warrant
A hearing aid helps most people to hear better.
• Backing
Hearing aids are available locally.
• Qualifier
Hearing aids help most people.
• Rebuttal
There is a support desk that deals with technical problems.
57

58.

58

59. Home task

• Be ready to show breath/muscular
relaxation exercises.
• (For 5 students): make a presentation to
win a grant for your research.
59
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