Positive freehold covenants

1.

Positive freehold
covenants
Anastasia Cherkashina
Lomonosov MSU Law School
Land Law LLM Programme

2.

Positive covenants vs restrictive covenants
affirmative obligations
• negative obligations
NO running burden
• burden running – estate privity
Tulk v Moxhay 1848
Keppell v Bailey 1834

3.

Positive obligations
enforcement against original covenantor
contractual enforcement
statutory exceptions – public authority covenants
Austerberry v Oldham Corporation 1885

4.

Austerberry rule disadvantages
Positive covenants demands
high density subdivisions – 1960s
• building covenants enforcement
• common property maintenance

5.

Leasehold vs freehold
• limited validity period
beneficiaries
• reversioner
• tenant
• assignee
• perpetual validity period
• owner - beneficiary
Austerberry v Oldham Corporation 1885

6.

Austerberry rule justification
• bundle of rights
• positive covenant enforcement
• privity rule breach
• property vs. contract
Rhone v Stephens 1994
NO boundary

7.

Positive obligations vs restrictive obligations
• one debtor
• covenantors
• damages
• injunction
• action or payment
• outdated obligations
• debts

8.

Proprietary covenant vs personal covenant
• land connection
• land value impact
• property use mode
• dominant owner benefit
• onerous covenants prevention

9.

Thank
you
for your attention!