Theory of Phylembryogenesis

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Theory of Phylembryogenesis ; Phylogenesis
of Avian Nervous System & Developmental
Nervous System disorder of Human
Course Students
Sinchan Poojary & Sandip Kumar Mondal
Scientific Leader
Svetlana Smirnova

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1. Phylembryogenesis
A theory put forward by
Russian palaeontologist
Severtsov, postulating
that phylogenetic changes
in organisms are
conditioned
by ontogenetic alterations,
in that certain events are
added, modified or deleted
in the development of
an embryo based on the
events of ancestral
development.

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According to the theory of A.N.Severtsov
Phylembryology :
a) Changes resulting from genotyepe adjustment during
embryonic development and having a phylogenetic
significance.
b) Adjustment of the genotype, which can occour
through mutation and natural selection, not only at the
end of the ontogeny asconsidered by Heckel ,but also
primary, middle,and end stages of ontogeny
c) Changes that can actively influence the evolution of
the species

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2.DEVIATION
The theory of phylembryogeny rests mainly on the
concept of the predominance of ontogenetic change over
phylogenetic (evolutionary) change. If the course of
ontogeny did not change, organisms would not differ
from their ancestors.One of the most important mode of
phylembryology is deviation ( changes in the middle
stage)

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Examples
• Development of scales
in Reptiles ; initially the
process goes according
to phylogenesis (partial
recapitulation) , and in
the middle of
morphogenesis muted
genes interfere with the
work and the course
takes another direction.

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birds

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3. AVIAN BRAIN STRUCTURE
The avian brain includes:
• 1) medulla - part of the
brainstem
• 2) neurons that help control
heart rate, respiration, &
blood pressure.
• 3)optic lobe - part of the
midbrain; relatively large in
birds compared to other
vertebrates (reflecting the
importance of vision for
most birds)

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4. SENSES
• The difficulty of defining or
measuring intelligence in non-human
animals makes the subject difficult to
study scientifically in birds. In general,
birds have relatively large brains
compared to their head size. The
visual and auditory senses are well
developed in most species, though the
tactile and olfactory senses are well
realized only in a few groups. Birds
communicate using visual signals as
well as through the use of calls and
song. The testing of intelligence in
birds is therefore usually based on
studying responses to sensory stimuli.

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5. MEMORY CAPABILITY
• Scientists have discovered that the common pigeon
actually has an astonishingly good long-term memory. In
tests they found a single bird can memorise 1,200
pictures "Pigeons are very visual animals and we knew
they had good memories, but we didn't know they were
this good," said Dr Fagot.

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6.Visual capacity
• The optic lobes of
a bird or reptile are also
part of the midbrain.
The optic lobes of
a bird are much larger
than the optic lobes of a
lizard. We know
that birds have the best
vision of any vertebrates.
The large optic lobes of
a bird process the
complex signals sent from
the eye.

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7.developemental Nervous
system disorder of human
a) Alzheimers Disease
A progressive disease that
destroys memory and other
important mental functions.Brain
cell connections and the cells
themselves degenerate and die,
eventually destroying memory
and other important mental
functions.

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b) Parkinson’s disease
• In Parkinson's disease,
certain nerve cells (neurons)
in the brain gradually break
down or die. Many of the
symptoms are due to a loss
of neurons that produce a
chemical messenger in your
brain called dopamine.
When dopamine levels
decrease, it causes abnormal
brain activity, leading to
symptoms of Parkinson's
disease.

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c) Cerebral palsy
• Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group
of disorders that affect a
person’s ability to move and
maintain balance and posture.
CP is the most common motor
disability in childhood.
Cerebral means having to do
with the brain. Palsy means
weakness or problems with
using the muscles. CP is
caused by abnormal brain
development or damage to the
developing brain that affects a
person’s ability to control his
or her muscles.

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d) Aphasia
• Aphasia is an inability to
comprehend or formulate
language because of
damage to
specific brain regions. The
major causes are a cerebral
vascular accident (stroke),
or head trauma, but aphasia
can also be the result of
brain tumors, brain
infections, or
neurodegenerative diseases
such as dementia.

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e) Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
• A numbness and
tingling in the hand and
arm caused by a pinched
nerve in the wrist.Wrist
anatomy, underlying
health conditions, and
patterns of hand use can
contribute to carpal
tunnel syndrome.

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f) Amytrophic lateral Sclerosis
• ALS, is a progressive nervous system
disease that affects nerve cells in the
brain and spinal cord, causing loss of
muscle control.ALS is often called
Lou Gehrig's disease. ALS often starts
in the hands, feet or limbs, and then
spreads to other parts of your body. As
the disease advances and nerve cells
are destroyed, your muscles get
weaker. This eventually affects
chewing, swallowing, speaking and
breathing.There's generally no pain in
the early stages of ALS, and pain is
uncommon in the later stages. ALS
doesn't usually affect your bladder
control or your senses.

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• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BtLyi
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• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CdR6
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• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bp9O
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