Social aspects of human ecology

1.

MEDICAL ACADEMY NAMED AFTER S.I GEORGIEVSKY “ CFU NAMED
AFTER V.I VERNADSKIY ”
DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL BIOLOGY
SOCIAL ASPECTS OF HUMAN ECOLOGY
DIVYA DEEP
SATYAM GOYAL
192B LA1
SCIENTIFIC ADVISOR – PhD SMIRVOVA SN

2.

SOCIAL ASPECTS OF HUMAN ECOLOGY
• Social ecology studies relationships between
people and their environment, often the
interdependence of people, collectives and
institutions.
• Homo Sapiens have been present on earth for
the past 200,000 years and despite the short
tenure on earth ,our biological success has
been unparalleled .our population has
skyrocketed and we have expanded our
biological range into almost every habitat on
earth
• We have greatly altered the face of earth to
accommodate our needs and in the process
placed a great strain on earth’s resources .

3.

HUMAN NUTRITION AND HEALTH
• Human nutrition deals with the provision of
essential nutrients in food that are necessary to
support human life and health. Poor nutrition is a
chronic problem often linked to poverty, food security or
a poor understanding of nutrition and dietary practices.
• Adequate nutrition is the key to health through all stages
of life. It is the fuel that powers each of the cellular
mechanisms that allow us to exist in a functional state of
good health. Imbalances, surfeits, or deficiencies in
macronutrients (protein, carbohydrates, fats) or
micronutrients (iron, zinc, vitamins, etc.) can lead to
pathologic derangements and death. This is true through
all stages of life, whether as an embryo or as an aging
adult.

4.

MACRONUTRIENTS
Macronutrients are needed in larger quantities (in gram range). They normally include
water, carbohydrates, fat and protein. Macronutrients (except water) are also called
energy-providing nutrients. Energy is measured in calories and is essential for the body
to grow, repair and develop new tissues, conduct nerve impulses and regulate life
process. Carbohydrates – are required for energy and provide body’s main source of
energy (4 calories per gram); they form the major part of stored food in the body for
later use of energy and exist in three form: sugar, starch and fiber.
Fats – are used in making steroids and hormones and serve as solvents for hormones
and fat soluble vitamins. Fats have the highest caloric content and provide the largest
amount of energy when burnt.
Proteins – they provide amino acids and make up most of the cell structure including
the cell membrane. In cases of extreme starvation, the muscles in the body, that are
made up of proteins, are used to provide energy. proteins also provide 4 calories per
gram.
Water – makes up a large part of our body weight and is the main component of our
body fluids. The body needs more water every day than any other nutrient and we
replenish it through foods and liquids we eat and drink.

5.

Micronutrients
These nutrients include minerals and vitamins. Unlike macronutrients, these are required
in very minute amounts. Together, they are extremely important for the normal functioning
of the body. Their main function is to enable the many chemical reactions to occur in the
body. Micronutrients do not function for the provision of energy.
Vitamins – are essential for normal metabolism, growth and development, and regulation of
cell function. They work together with enzymes and other substances that are necessary
for a healthy life. Vitamins are either fatsoluble or water-soluble. Fat soluble Vitamins can
be stored in the fatty tissues in the body when in excess. Water soluble vitamins are
excreted in urine when in excess and so need to be taken daily. Water soluble vitamins
include Vitamin B and C. Green leafy vegetables are rich in Vitamin B, whereas Vitamin C is
found abundantly in citrus fruits. Fat soluble vitamins are Vitamin A, D, E and K. Green
leafy vegetables, milk and dairy products and plant oils provide these vitamins.
Minerals – are found in ionized form in the body. They are further classified into
macrominerals and microminerals (or trace minerals). Macrominerals present in the body
include Calcium, Potassium, Iron, Sodium and Magnesium to name a few. Iron is a
constituent of Hemoglobin which is present in blood. Macrominerals are needed in more
amounts, as compared to microminerals. Microminerals include Copper, Zinc, Cobalt,
Chromium and Fluoride. They are mostly co-factors, and are necessary for the function of
enzymes in the body, but are needed only in minor quantities. Approximately 4% of the
body’s mass consists of minerals.

6.

FOOD AND ENVIRONMENT
Types of Food That Contribute to Environmental Concerns Because They Require
More Energy and Typically Release More Pollution:
• Foods high on the food chain – particularly large ruminant
animals (cows, goat, sheep).
• Animal feed requires fertilizer and irrigation water; emissions
are also required if forest land is converted into grazing land.
• Methane is released from their digestion and manure.
• Seafood.
• Open-ocean fishing fleets depend entirely on fossil fuels.
• Highly sought-after fish (i.e., bluefin tuna and swordfish) are
typically overfished, resulting in additional sea travel and
increased emissions.
• Highly processed foods.
• More steps in the production process means more energy used.
• Imported foods.
• More fossil fuels are used when transporting food over long
distances

7.

FOOD RESOURCES AND GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION

8.

Nutrition biotechnology
• Genetic engineering provides powerful tools to enhance the modification of plants to the
potential benefit of society. However, as with any new scientific advancement, careful
consideration of the effects of employing these tools is necessary to ensure that the result
will be a net benefit to society
• Agricultural biotechnology may be defined as the use of living plant organisms, or parts
thereof, to produce food and feed products such as insect-resistant corn, to develop
processes like the manufacturing of biologics by tobacco, and to provide services such as,
bioremediation of heavy metal contamination using genetically engineered poplars
• During the last century plant breeders expanded the tools of genetic manipulation beyond
conventional cross breeding to use a variety of other breeding techniques, including embryo
rescue, chemical mutagenesis, radiation mutagenesis, and somaclonal variation
• NEGATIVE EFFECTS -The concerns surrounding potential negative environmental and ecosystem function outcomes of agricultural biotechnology include impacts stemming from
changes in pesticide use, impacts on non-target species, and pest and virus resistance.

9.

VITAMINS
• A vitamin is an organic molecule that is an essential micronutrient which an organism needs in
small quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism. Essential nutrients cannot be
synthesized in the organism, either at all or not in sufficient quantities, and therefore must be
obtained through the diet
• Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first
instance but is in the second. The term vitamin does not include the three other groups
of essential nutrients: minerals, essential fatty acids, and essential amino acids.Most vitamins
are not single molecules, but groups of related molecules called vitamers. For example, vitamin
E consists of four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Though some sources list fourteen by
including choline,major health organizations list thirteen: vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol, alltrans-retinyl-esters, as well as all-trans-beta-carotene and other provitamin A carotenoids),
vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid),
vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic acid or folate), vitamin
B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin
E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (quinones).

10.

FUNCTIONS

11.

VITAMIN DEFICIENCY

12.

HYPOVITAMINOSIS
• Vitamin deficiencies remain common globally. Unless severe,
they are often clinically unrecognized, yet even mild
deficiency may have significant adverse consequences. Vitamin
deficiencies affect all ages and frequently co-exist with
mineral (zinc, iron, iodine) deficiencies. The groups most
susceptible to vitamin deficiencies are pregnant and lactating
women and young children, because of their relatively high
needs for these compounds and susceptibilities to their
absence. These include death from infectious diseases, anemia,
death during pregnancy or childbirth, and impaired cognition
and physical development. The effects of vitamin deficiencies
are related to the biochemical roles they play. Some of the
most common deficiencies relate to vitamin A, various B
vitamins, folate, and vitamin D. Supplementation programs
have made diseases such as scurvy (vitamin C deficiency)
or pellagra (niacin deficiency) rare. New information suggests
that
vitamin
D
deficiency,
which
causes osteomalacia and rickets, is associated with abnormal
immunoregulation and infectious diseases.

13.

FOOD addictives
• Food additives are substances added to food to preserve flavor or enhance its
taste, appearance, or other qualities. Some additives have been used for
centuries; for example, preserving food by pickling, salting, as with bacon,
preserving sweets or using sulfur dioxide as with wines
• MOST COMMON FOOD ADDICTIVES
• Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) ...
• Artificial Food Coloring. ...
• Sodium Nitrite. ...
• Guar Gum. ...
• High-Fructose Corn Syrup. ...
• Artificial Sweeteners. ...
• Carrageenan. ...
• Sodium Benzoate

14.

DISADVANTAGES OF FOOD ADDICTIVE

15.

Why Drug Addiction Is a Social Problem
• A common misconception surrounding drug addiction is that it solely
affects the life of the user. However, the idea that they aren’t
hurting anyone except for themselves is an excuse that many
individuals who abuse drugs use in order to justify their addiction.
Drug addiction is not a one-person phenomenon, and it creates a
domino effect on the lives of those around them. It is a social
problem that normalizes drug use and affects individuals and their
families
• At first glance, a drug addiction may appear to only affect the
person who is using. However, because addiction is a destructive
issue that can have an adverse effect on the community, family, and
individual, it’s very rare that other people aren’t affected. An
individual neglecting their responsibilities as a result of drugs can
negatively affect their career, children’s education, or family’s
financial security. Their impact can also extend outside of the
immediate family. Friends or community members who rely on their
presence or companionship can suffer from their absence.

16.

DRUGS
• There are a variety of short-term and long-term health effects
associated with addiction. Although the specific effects vary
between drugs, prolonged abuse of any substance can lead to chronic
disease or alter an individual’s productivity. The most permanent
effect of drug addiction is death, which becomes more likely through
addiction because of increased tolerance leading to overdose.
• There is a definitive link between crime and drug addictions that is
mainly contributed to the illegal status of commonly abused drugs.
Not only is it illegal to carry many of these drugs but an individual’s
lowered inhibitions when under the influence can encourage them to
commit other crimes. The types of crime that an individual may
commit when on drugs is extensive and dependent on a variety of
sub-factors, but regardless, drug users are more likely than nonusers
to commit crime. Petty theft in order to obtain drugs and satiate
their cravings when desperate is another way in which drugs
influence individuals to commit crimes

17.

ALCOHOL PROBLEMS

18.

SMOKING PROBLEMS

19.

STOP SMOKING ,DRINKING ALCOHOL AND ABUSING
DRUGS …THEY KILL YOU AND YOUR FAMILY ALONG
WITH IT

20.

THANK YOU