Government of Lebanon

1.

Government of
Lebanon.
Presented by Abdel Ilah Houjairy 20LLA1.

2.

PLANE:
• The Head of State.
• Legislative power.
• Executive power.
• Judicial power.
• Conclusion.

3.

The head of state:

4.

president:
• The president of the Lebanese Republic is the head of
state of Lebanon. The president is elected by the parliament for a
term of six years, which is not immediately renewable. By
convention, the president is always a Maronite Christian who is at
least 21 years old.
• From the expiration of the term of President Michel Suleiman in
May 2014 until October 31, 2016, the parliament was unable to
obtain the majority required to elect a president, and the office was
vacant for almost two and a half years, despite more than 30 votes
being held. On October 31, 2016, the parliament finally
elected Michel Aoun as president.

5.

Qualifications of the
candidat:
• The constitution requires the president hold the same qualifications as a
member of Parliament (also called the Chamber of Deputies), which
are Lebanese citizenship and attainment of the age of twenty-one
years.Though not specifically stated in the constitution,
an understanding known as the National Pact, agreed in 1943,
customarily limits the office to members of the Maronite
Christian faith. This is based on a gentlemen's agreement between
Lebanon's Maronite Christian president Bechara El Khoury and his Sunni
Muslim prime minister Riad Al Solh, which was reached in 1943, when
Lebanon became independent of France, and described that the
president of the Republic was to be a Maronite Christian, the prime
minister a Sunni Muslim, and the speaker of Parliament a Shia
Muslim.Article 50 of the constitution of Lebanonrequires the president to
take an oath upon assuming office.

6.

Manner of elections:
• Thirty to sixty days before the expiration of a president's term, the
speaker of the Chamber of Deputies calls for a special session to
elect a new president, which selects a candidate for a six-year term
on a secret ballot in which a two-thirds majority is required to elect.
If no candidate receives a two-thirds majority, a second ballot is
held in which only a majority is required to elect. An individual
cannot be reelected president until six years have passed from the
expiration of his or her first term.

7.

Also in elections:
• The Constitution is silent on the issue of the quorum needed to call to
order a parliamentary presidential electoral meeting. In the absence of a
clear provision designating the quorum needed to elect the president,
the constitution is open to differing interpretations. According to one
view on the issue, a quorum constituting a majority of fifty-percent plus
one (that required for any meeting of Parliament) is sufficient for a
parliamentary presidential electoral meeting. Another view on the issue
argues that the quorum is a two-thirds majority of the total members of
Parliament as Article 49 of the constitution requires a two-thirds voting
majority to elect the president in the first round and, if the quorum were
half plus one, there would have been no need to require the two-thirds
voting majority when the number of deputies present at the meeting
does not exceed the quorum

8.

functions:
• Role and responsibilities. As described in the constitution, the
president is commander-in-chief of the Lebanese Armed Forces and
security forces; may appoint and dismiss the prime minister and
cabinet; promulgates laws passed by Parliament; may also veto bills;
and may dissolve Parliament

9.

Termination of his office:
• BEIRUT: On Oct. 31 Lebanese President Michel Aoun completed four
years in office with another two remaining before his term ends,
amid the country’s ever-plummeting fortunes

10.

Legislative power:

11.

in legislative power:
• Lebanon is a parliamentary democraticrepublic within the overall
framework of confessionalism, a form of consociationalismin which
the highest offices are proportionately reserved for representatives
from certain religious communities. The constitution of
Lebanon grants the people the right to change their government.
Article 7 of Lebanon's Constitution also states that all Lebanese are
equal before the law, and are "equally bound by public obligations
and duties without any distinction", meaning that all Lebanese
citizens – politicians included – are to be held to the same standards
of the law, and yet this is not the case. However, from the mid1970s until the parliamentary elections in 1992, the Lebanese Civil
War(1975–1990) precluded the exercise of political rights

12.

Also in legislative
power:
• According to the constitution, direct elections must be held for the
parliament every four years, however after the parliamentary election
in 2009 another election was not held until 2018. The Parliament, in turn,
elects a President every 6 years to a single term. The President is not
eligible for re-election. The last presidential election was in 2016. The
president and parliament choose the Prime Minister. Political parties may
be formed; most are based on sectarian interests. 2008 saw a new twist
to Lebanese politics when the Doha Agreement set a new trend where
the opposition is allowed a veto power in theCouncil of Ministers and
confirmed religious confessionalism in the distribution of political power.
The Economist Intelligence Unitclassified Lebanon as a "hybrid regime" in
2016

13.

Executive power:

14.

In executive power:
• The Council of Ministers of Lebanon (French: Conseil des Ministres
du Liban) is the executive body of the Republic of Lebanon. Its
president is the Prime Minister of Lebanon, and it is appointed by
the President of Lebanon with confirmation of the Parliament of
Lebanon. It is typically composed of an equal number of Muslims
and Christians (although this requirement is not specified in the
Constitution). The Council of Ministers is considered to be the
"government" of Lebanon by the Constitution

15.

Also in executive power:
• The Council is formed by a Decree of the President of the Republic,
which is countersigned by the Prime Minister. Within 30 days, the
Chamber of Deputies must approve the Government through a vote
of confidence, which requires a simple majority. By Article 64 of the
Lebanese Constitution, it is the Prime Minister who assumes the
negotiations with the Parliament for the formation of a
government. By custom, the government is composed equally
between Muslims and Christians - however, this is not a
requirement specified in the Constitution

16.

Also in executive:
• Resignation of the Cabinet:According to Article 69 of the
Constitution,the government is considered resigned when:The
Prime Minister resigns or dies.It loses more than a third of its
members, as prescribed in its original decree of formation.When a
new President takes office.At the beginning of a new term of the
Chamber of Deputies.When the Chamber of Deputies has a vote of
no confidence in the Cabinet, either by the initiative of the Cabinet
or the Chamber.The President of the Republic fires the Prime
Minister.

17.

Judicial power:

18.

Judicial Foundation
and
Legal
Codification:
• The legal system of Lebanon is based on a combination of Civil Law,
Islamic, and Ottoman legal principles, and the laws of the Lebanese
legislature. Article 20 of the Lebanese Constitution guarantees that
the judiciary is founded as an independent entity, subject only to
the law. Decree Law No. 7855 of 1961, which is known as the
Judicial Organization Law, governs the structure and function of the
judiciary.The legal system is governed by a series of specialized
codes of law. These include the Code of Obligations and Contracts of
1932, which is the primary source for civil law; the Code of Civil
Procedure, contained in Decree Law No. 90 of 1983; the Code of
Commerce of 1942; the Penal Code, originally formulated in Decree
Law No. 340 of 1943; and the Code of Criminal Procedure.

19.

Judicial Structure and
Court System:
• The judiciary is comprised of ordinary and exceptional courts. The
ordinary courts are arranged in a hierarchy, and they are subdivided into
criminal and civil departments. At the base of the structure are the
Courts of First Instance. These Courts are organized into chambers of
three judges each, although a single judge may adjudicate civil cases of
lesser value and minor criminal cases. Judgments from the Courts of First
Instance can be appealed to the Courts of Appeal, which have both
appellate and original jurisdictions over felonies. There are six Courts of
Appeal, one located in each district (Mohafazat). They are presided over
by a First President, or Chief Judge, with supervisory and administrative
duties, and comprise a Public Prosecution Department headed by an
attorney general

20.

conclusion:
This is Lebanon in its a entirety.

21.

Mercie pour votre
attention.