Sand fly

1.

MEDICAL ACADEMY NAMED AFTER S.I GEORGIEVSKY “ CFU NAMED
AFTER V.I VERNADSKIY ”
DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL BIOLOGY
SAND
FLY
1ST COURSE STUDENT
DIVYA DEEP
SATYAM GOYAL
LA1 192B
SCIENTIFIC ADVISOR –PhD SMIRNOVA SN

2.

SYSTEMIC CLASSIFICATION

3.

SAND FLY
• Sandfly (or sand fly) is a colloquial name for any species or genus of
flying, biting, blood-sucking dipteran (fly) encountered in sandy areas. In
the United States, sandfly may refer to certain horse flies that are also
known as "greenheads" (family Tabanidae), or to members of the
family Ceratopogonidae. Outside the United States, sandfly may refer to
members of the subfamily Phlebotominae within the Psychodidae. Biting
midges (Ceratopogonidae) are sometimes called sandflies or no-see-ums
(no-see-em,
noseeum).
New
Zealand
sandflies
are
in
the
genus Austrosimulium, a type of black fly.[1]
• In the various sorts of sandfly only the female is responsible for biting and
sucking the blood of mammals, reptiles and birds; the protein in the blood
is necessary for the production of eggs, making the sandfly
an anautogenous reproducer.
• Some sandfly genera of the subfamily Phlebotominae are the primary
vectors of leishmaniasis and pappataci fever; both diseases are
confusingly referred to as sandfly fever. In the New World, leishmaniasis is
spread by sand flies of the genus Lutzomyia; in the Old World, the disease
is spread by sandflies of the genus Phlebotomus. Belize and Honduras are
notorious in the Caribbean for their sandfly populations and travel pages
frequently warn tourists to bring bug spray containing high concentrations
of DEET.

4.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
Sand flies occur throughout the
tropics and sub-tropics, as well as in
temperate zones. Phlebotomus spp.
occurs in Africa, where it is an
important vector in certain regions,
Europe
(particularly
the
Mediterranean region), the Middle
East and Asia (particularly the
Indian subcontinent).

5.

MORPHOLOGY
ADULT SIZE : 2-3 CM
COLOUR : PALE
BODY: COVERED WITH
HAIRS
DIVIDED INTO BODY
,THORAX,ABDOMEN

6.

Behavior, Diet & Habit
• Female sand flies are blood feeders, but the males do not feed
on blood. Females must consume a blood meal before they are
able to develop eggs. However, both males and females also
consume sugar-related nutrients that come from plant nectar
or honeydew. Sand fly hosts vary a great deal. Some species
feed on both mammals and reptiles, while Lutzomyia shannani,
a common sand fly species in Florida and other coastal states
feed on white-tailed deer, horses, donkeys, mules, cattle,
swine, raccoons, rodents, birds and humans.
• In general, sand fly bites are very painful. Most flies that bite
humans feed during the evening and throughout the night. In
some cases, flies will attack in the daytime, if they are
disturbed while resting. Daytime resting sites include cavities
close to the ground such as dry tree holes, hollow logs, palm
tree crowns and the canopy of tropical and sub-tropical rain
forest jungles. Another commonly found place for daytime
resting is inside the home.

7.

• Sand flies develop by complete metamorphosis, which
means they go through four developmental stages: egg,
larvae (grub), pupae (cocoon) and adult. Sand flies
complete their life cycle within 1-3 months, depending
on the sand fly species and their environmental
conditions. Sand fly adult females lay from about 30-70
eggs that are laid singularly in small batches on moist
surfaces like soil in protected areas with high humidity
and high organic matter. Eggs typically hatch about two
weeks after being deposited. The larval stage may take
no longer than three weeks to mature, but may also be
longer if the larvae is in an area where it must survive
cold weather. Before entering the pupal stage, the
larvae stop feeding on the organic matter in their
habitat and seek out a pupation site that is drier than
its larval habitat. The pupal stage usually lasts only 1-2
weeks. After emerging from the pupal case, the adults
disperse at night with the males dispersing before the
females.

8.

SAND FLY DISEASES
• Sand fly diseases are transmitted by the bite of infected female sand
flies in many parts of the world. Some of the more important sand fly
transmitted diseases include:
• Cutaneous leishmaniasis
• Visceral leishmaniasis
• Sand fly fever
• Carrions disease
• Pappataci fever
• Vesicular stomatitis virus

9.

LIFE CYCLE
LIFE CYCLE OF
FEMALE SAND
FLY

10.

11.

12.

• The life cycle of a sand fly begins at a dry area
having a humid environment. The humid
environment prevents the eggs from dehydration.
Also the environment needs not be too cold else it
might lead the eggs to stop developing.
• The overall life cycle of a sand fly takes 20 to 40
days. Below is a stage-wise life cycle of sand flies.
• Laying Eggs: The female sand fly deposits 30 to 70
eggs at the breeding site. As mentioned above the
breeding site has to be a dry area having not too
cold but humid weather.
• Hatching Eggs: After the eggs are laid by the sand
fly, it takes 1 – 2 weeks to hatch. After hatching
the eggs become larvae.

13.

• Larvae: Larvae have a distinct black head
and about 12 segments. Their body is
entirely covered in thick hair and they
have a pair of caudal setae at end which
remains attached to them till the pupa
stage. Depending on the temperature and
food availability the length of larvae can
range from 1 to 3 mm.
• Pupae: Pupa development take 05 to 10
days.
• Adult: After 05 to 10 days of pupae
development the adults emerge from
pupae, usually before the dawn.

14.

SAND FLY BITE SYMPTOMS

15.

16.

Signs Of A Sand Fly Infestation
The appearance of sand flies and
their painful bites that can cause
secondary infection are the most
frequently observed sign of an
infestation. Also, evidence of sand
fly problems include the incidence
of human and animal diseases that
are transmitted by sand fly bites

17.

FEEDING HABITS
• Both male and female sand fly feed on the
plant nectar. It is the female sand fly that
also feeds on blood as they need protein
from blood for egg laying and reproductive
cycles.
• On a lighter and positive note I think that’s
an advantage that male sand fly do not feed
on blood, else this would have really doubled
our worries.

18.

PREVENTION
Insect repellent should be used on skin,
so as to prevent the sandfly transmitted
diseases. The use of mosquito netting
sprayed with permethrin is
recommended. Good sanitation and
housekeeping prevents sandflies from
lodging in the house.
Insecticide can be sprayed on outdoor
breeding sites.

19.

CONTROL
• Large area control of sand flies is very difficult for
homeowners and small neighborhood communities due to the
hidden, cryptic nature of where sand flies develop. When
sand flies become a problem, the best thing for a homeowner
to do is to contact their local mosquito abatement district or
other local or state agency that can accomplish area-wide
sand fly control. If this is not an option, be sure to contact
your pest management professional who can perform an
inspection and then develop a plan to conduct small scale
sand fly control around your home or business.
• Preventing sand fly bites can be accomplished by using
permethrin-treated clothing. Keeping exposed skin covered
by clothing is helpful when venturing into sand fly habitats.

20.

THANK YOU