Aristotle (384 – 322 BC)

1. Aristotle (384 – 322 BC) was a disciple of Plato. he is the Creator of: ethics, logic, biology.

ARISTOTLE (384 – 322 BC)
WA S A D I S C I P L E O F P L ATO. H E I S T H E C R E ATO R O F : E T H I C S , L O G I C ,
B I O L O G Y.

2.

Ministry of science and higher education of the Russian Federation
Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University
Institute of Civil Engineering
Еssay about:
« Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle. Features of his philosophy.»
Student: D. Sultanova.
Group 3140801/01201
Lecturer
Prof.T.Awwad
Saint Petersburg
2020

3. biography

BIOGRAPHY
Aristotle's birthplace is the Polis of Stagira on the northwestern coast of the Aegean sea. His
father was a court physician to king Amyntas II, grandfather of Alexander the great. This allowed the
future philosopher to get a good education. At the age of seventeen, he arrived in Athens and attended
Plato's Academy, remaining there until the teacher's death. This was the only disciple who dared to
argue with Plato. The philosopher highly valued Sycamore, but saw vulnerabilities in his teaching about
the world of ideas and things.
Aristotle's famous saying is: "Plato is my friend, but truth is more precious."
After leaving Athens, he went to Asia minor Greece. He was invited by the Macedonian king
Philip II to raise his son Alexander. The philosopher moved to the Macedonian capital Pella.
He remained in the role of tutor for four years. Aristotle did not try to make Alexander a
philosopher, and their relationship was not particularly warm.

4.

There is a saying of Alexander about his teacher: "I honor Aristotle as much as my father,
for if I owe my life to my father, then I owe it to Aristotle for what it costs."
However, as soon as Alexander ascended the throne, he tried to get rid of Aristotle, who did not
approve of his intentions to conquer Greece and the whole world. The philosopher returned to Stagira,
where he spent about three years. When he returned to Athens, he opened the Lycaean school of
philosophy. It was located next to the temple of Apollo of Lycaea —hence its name. In verbal skirmishes,
Aristotle was not equal to the Sudden death of Aristotle's pupil and patron Alexander the great caused an
anti-Macedonian uprising, and the philosopher himself was accused of blasphemy. Without waiting for the
trial, he left Athens. Soon after, Aristotle died on the island.

5. Aristotle developed the doctrine of being and essence.

ARISTOTLE DEVELOPED THE
DOCTRINE OF BEING AND ESSENCE.
Being is a collection of individual objects, and each individual has its own essence,
which is perceived by the mind, and not by the sense. Essence – eternal, unchangeable; - the
key to understanding what exists.

6. Aristotle developed the doctrine of four primary and higher causes.

ARISTOTLE DEVELOPED THE DOCTRINE OF
FOUR PRIMARY AND HIGHER C AUSES.
Any thing has all four causes:
• 1) Material reason – what the thing is made of;
• 2) formal reason – what is it?
• 3) Driving reason – where does the movement start from;
• 4) Target reason – what the item was made for.

7. Plato's philosophy

PLATO'S PHILOSOPHY
The main issue of pre-Socratic philosophy was the development of natural philosophy, the problem of finding the
original, an attempt to explain the origin and existence of the world. Previous philosophers understood nature and the
cosmos as a world of things visible and sensually perceived, but they could not explain the world by means of reasons based
only on "elements" or their properties (water, air, fire, earth, hot, cold, rarefaction, etc.). The merit of Plato is that he
introduces a new exclusively rational view of the explanation and knowledge of the world, comes to the discovery of
another reality – supersensible, supra-physical, intelligible space. This leads to the understanding of two planes of being: the
phenomenal, visible, and invisible, metaphysical, captured exclusively by the intellect; thus Plato for the first time emphasizes
the self-worth of the ideal.

8.

Aristotle developed a hierarchical system of categories in which the main one was "essence" or
"substance", and the rest were considered its features. He created a classification of the properties of being that
comprehensively define the subject — 9 predicates.
In the first place is the category of entity with the first entity — individual existence, and the second
entity — the existence of species and genera. Other categories reveal the properties and States of being: quantity,
quality, relation, place, time, possession, position, action, suffering.
In an effort to simplify the categorical system, Aristotle then recognized only three of the main nine
categories — time, place, position (or essence, state, relation).

9. Brief conclusions drawn by Aristotle:

BRIEF CONCLUSIONS DRAWN BY
ARISTOTLE:
• -everything that exists on Earth has potency (matter itself) and form;
• -a change in at least one of these qualities (either matter or form) leads to a change in the essence of the
object itself;
• -reality is the sequence of transition from matter to form and from form to matter;
• -potency (material) is the passive principle, form is the active one;
• -the highest form of all things is God, who has an existence outside the world.

10.

The classification of philosophy given by Aristotle is a theoretical one that studies the problems of being, various
spheres of being, the origin of all things, the causes of various phenomena (called "primary philosophy»);
• -practical – about human activity, the structure of the state;
• -poetic,
• -it is believed that in fact Aristotle as the fourth part of philosophy was allocated logic

11. The carrier of consciousness, according to Aristotle, is the soul. The philosopher distinguishes three levels of the soul:

THE C ARRIER OF CONSCIOUSNESS,
ACCORDING TO ARISTOTLE, IS THE SOUL.
THE PHILOSOPHER DISTINGUISHES THREE
LEVELS OF THE SOUL:
• -the vegetative soul;
• -animal soul;
• -rational soul.
• As a carrier of consciousness, the soul is also responsible for the functions of the body.

12.

The plant soul is responsible for the functions of nutrition, growth, and reproduction.
The animal soul is also responsible for these functions (nutrition, growth, reproduction), but
thanks to it, the body is supplemented by the functions of sensation and desire. And only the
rational (human) soul, covering all the above functions, is also responsible for the functions of
reasoning and thinking.This is what makes a person stand out from the world around them.

13. Aristotle takes a materialistic approach to the problem of man.

ARISTOTLE TAKES A MATERIALISTIC
APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF MAN.
He believes that man:
• -by biological essence is one of the types of highly organized animals;
• -differs from animals in the presence of thinking and intelligence;
• -has an innate tendency to live together with their own kind (that is,
to live in a team).
in the drawing, Aristotle argues with Plato

14. Aristotle identifies six types of state:

ARISTOTLE IDENTIFIES SIX TYPES OF
STATE:
• -monarchy;
• -tyranny;
• -aristocracy;
• -extreme oligarchy;
• -ochlocracy (mob rule, extreme democracy);
• -polity (a mixture of moderate oligarchy and moderate democracy).

15. Conclusions:

CONCLUSIONS:
• 1 made significant adjustments to a number of provisions of Plato's philosophy, criticizing the
doctrine of "pure ideas»;
• 2 gave a materialistic interpretation of the origin of the world and man;
• 3 identified 10 philosophical categories;
• 4 defined being through categories;
• 5 defined the essence of matter;
• 6 identified six types of state and gave the concept of the ideal type – polity;
• 7 made a significant contribution to the development of logic (gave the concept of the
deductive method – from the particular to the General, justified the system of syllogisms –
inference from two or more premises of the conclusion).

16. my opinion:

MY OPINION:
systematic
I think that Aristotle had a more realistic view of the world, unlike Plato. It was his
approach to the study of concepts that led him from religion, dogma, and mythology through
philosophy to science. To this day, his teachings remain true and actual. Therefore, the results of his
work can be called scientific. They are true because they have been tested by time and the
experience
of many generations.
"essence
Aristotle developed a hierarchical system of categories in which the main thing was
"or" substance", and the rest were considered its features. That is, he sought to make the world
around
him clear and simple. so do scientists, using science.
truth.
I agree with his views and consider them similar to the scientific approach to finding the