Defining and Non-defining Relative Clause

1.

DEFINING AND
NON-DEFINING
RELATIVE
CLAUSE

2.

• Sentence-усе речення від
початку до кінця,може містити в
собі багато Clause-ів.Речення
бувають складносурядні,коли
Clause-и не підпорядковуються
одне одному,і
складнопідрядні,відповідно.
• Clause- речення ,яке є частиною
складного речення

3.

• Існує два типи підрядних
означальних:

4. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES –

Обмежувальні означальні речення
містять інформацію, яка уточнює
значення слова, до якого вони
відносяться. Інформація в defining
relative clause є необхідною,без нього
речення матиме безглуздий вигляд.

5.

• Those who have not yet registered
should do so at once. — Ті, хто ще не
зареєструвався, має зробити це
негайно
Уточнюють значення
слова:тільки ті, хто ще не
зареєструвався

6.

• Обмежувальні
означальні підрядні
речення комами
не виділяються.

7.

• The story John told us was true. Історія, яку повідав нам Джон - правда.
• The students who were late were expelled
Студентів, які запізнилися, не допустили до занять.
• She bought me a hat which is very nice.
Вона купила мені дуже гарний капелюх.
• My brother who lives in London is twenty.
Моєму брату, який живе у Лондоні, 20 років.
У мене два (або більше) братів. Я уточнюю якому саме
брату 20 років (тому, хто живе у Лондоні). Це речення –
уточнююче/limited або defining.
People who hunt illegally should be sent to prison

8. NON -DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES – ОПИСОВІ ОЗНАЧАЛЬНІ ПІДРЯДНІ РЕЧЕННЯ

• Містять додаткову інформацію,
яку можна випустити без зміни
зміста речення.
Використовуються, щоб дати
додаткову інформацію про
людину або предмет:

9.

• Mr. Green, who is our best lawyer, is going to
leave the company.
(Нам відома людина, про яку ми говоримо, –
Містер Грін. Той факт, що він кращий юрист, –
додаткова інформація.)
“That” як альтернатива для “who” і “which” не
вживається.
Ann, who is my best friend, got married last
week.

10.

• Говорячи про компанії, можна
вживати which або who:
• BMW, who control over 30 % of the
European car market, are going to
expand.

11.

• Описове означальне речення може
стосуватися не тільки окремого слова, а
й усього головного речення. Таке
підрядне речення може вводитися лише
сполучником «which».
Стоїть воно завжди після головного
речення:
• He never admits his mistakes, which is
extremely annoying.
Він ніколи не визнає своїх помилок, що
дуже дратує.

12.

Mr. Green, whose report you read
yesterday, is our accountant.
Містер Грін, чий звіт ви вчора
читали, наш бухгалтер.
Yesterday we visited the City Museum, which I'd
never been to before. — Вчора ми ходили до
міського музею, в якому ніколи раніше не були.
Повідомляють додаткову інформацію про слово
- музей

13.

Описові означальні
речення
виділяються комами.

14.

EXAMPLES - ПРИКЛАДИ:
1. There is only one Italian restaurant in town and it now has a new owner.
The Italian restaurant, which is in Long Street, got a new owner.
2. There are many schools in Cape Town but only one that has afternoon lessons.
We study at the only school in Cape Town which has afternoon lessons.
3. I am reading many books at the moment. Some of them are boring, but not the one
I finished yesterday.
The book which I finished yesterday was fantastic.
5. I have many cousins who live in various countries all over the world .
My cousin who lives in New York is getting married next year.
6. I have only Asian friends.
All my friends, who are Asian, came to my party.
7. There are many Italian restaurants all over town, but only the one in Long
Street now has a new owner.
The Italian restaurant in Long Street got a new owner

15.

• 8. I was reading only one book and I finished it yesterday.
• The book, which I finished yesterday, was fantastic.
• 9. There is only one school in Cape Town and it has
afternoon lessons, too.
• We study at the only school in Cape Town, which has
afternoon lessons.
• 10. I have only one cousin. She now lives in New York.
• My cousin, who lives in New York, is getting married next
year.
• 11. I have many friends, but only my Asian friends came to
my party.
• All my friends who are Asian came to my party.

16.

Test 1 (multiple choice): Relative clauses
1. Friends are people … close to us.
a. who’s
b. which are
c. who is
d. who are
2. Anyone…. scholastic record is above average can apply for the
scholarship.
a. has a
b. whose
c. who’sd. which

17.

3. Nancy is a student ….
a. whom I don’t have much confidence in her
b. in whom I don’t have much confidence
c. in which I don’t have much confidence
d. I don’t have much confidence
4. Were you able to locate the person … wallet you found?
a. which
b. that
c. whose
d. that’s

18.

5. Early morning is the only time … without being interrupted.
a. that I can work on my book
b. when I can work on my book
c. at what I can work on my book
d. when I can work on my book at
6. You are looking at a person … has just been accepted into Academy.
a. whom
b. who
c. which
d. whose

19.

7. The government needs to establish more shelters to care for those …
have homes.
a. who doesn’t
b. that doesn’t
c. which don’t
d. who don’t
8. I had to drive to the university to pick up my brother, … car wouldn’t
start.
a. which
b. who’s
c. whose
d. that

20.

9. I read a book about Picasso, … .
a. is a Spanish painter
b. which is a Spanish painter
c. a Spanish painter
d. that is a Spanish painter
10. All the students … do well in writing.
a. whose Mr. White teaches
b. that Mr. White teaches
c. which Mr. White teaches
d. Mr. White teaches

21.

11. Have you seen the place … the graduation ceremony will be held?
a. in what
b. in which
c. where
d. that
12. There are twelve students in our English class, most of … speak English very well.
a. whom
b. who
c. which
d. those

22.

13. Only people … interested in aviation will like this book.
a. that is
b. who are
c. which are
d. are
14. During our dinner Peter talked only about himself,… almost put us to sleep.
a. which
b. that he
c. who
d. that

23.

Test 2 (multiple choice): Relative Clauses
1. Miss Kelly, ... is seventy, has just had her first vacation in Hawaii.
a. that
b. who
c. which
d. who’s
2. The President, … I’d never seen before, looked older than I had expected.
a. who
b. that
c. which
d. whom

24.

3. The girl … was standing at the corner was unknown to me.
a. –
b. which
c. whom
d. who
4. The person … book I found called to get it.
a. which
b. whose
c. of whom
d. that

25.

5. The scientists, all … were interested in volcanoes, watched the eruption.
a. that
b. of which
c. those
d. of whom
6. Many of the customers … they had maintained for years began to change.
a. whom
b. what
c. which
d. whose
.

26.

7. The ship stopped at an island … the man could get fresh food.
a. on what
b. that
c. where
d. which
8. They were friends … visited me several times during the month.
a. which
b. what
c. who
d. whom
9. They had to leave their homes, … was difficult for them.
a. that
b. which
c. what
d. because of it

27.

10. Which sentence is correct?
a. My father, being a scientist, studies volcanoes.
b. My father, who is a scientist, studies volcanoes.
c. My father who is a scientist studies volcanoes.
d. Because of the fact he is a scientist, my father studies volcanoes.
11. The people, … had been travelling all day, were tired.
a. that
b. which
c. who
d. whom