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English Literature of the Middle Ages
1. English Literature of the Middle Ages
Anglo-Saxon literatureAnglo-Norman literature
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2. CONTENTS:
1. Old-English literature, its periodization2. Middle-English literature
3. The Age of Chaucer
4. Folklore poetry
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3. The Old-English literature mid-5th century-1066
Epic poetry
Hagiography
Sermons
Bible translations
• Legal works
• Chronicles
• Riddles
• others
4. Manuscripts (about 400)
• Beowulf - poetry• The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle - history
• Caedmon's Hymn – poetry (7th century)
5. Written form of English
• The Danish invasions – illiteracy• King Alfred the Great – education in OE
• Teaching and student-oriented texts
• Manuscripts – historic value and aesthetic
beauty
6. Old-English Poetry
Types:• The heroic Germanic pre-Christian
• The Christian
7. Four manuscripts:
• Caedmon manuscript –a poetic anthology• Exeter Book – an anthology
• Vercelli Book – a mix of poetry and prose
• Nowell Codex – a mixture of poetry and
prose
no poetic rules or explicit system
8. OE poets:
• Caedmon – the father of OE poetry• Bede
• King Alfred the Great
• Cynewulf
9. CAEDMON (d. c. 670)
• the founder of a school of Christian poetry;• the first to use the traditional metre diction
for Christian religious poetry;
• this period of Old English poetry is called
"Caedmonian“.
10. CYNEWULF (late eighth or early ninth century)
• Anglo-Saxon religious poetry movesbeyond biblical paraphrase into the
didactic, the devotional, and the mystical;
• All poems possess both a high degree of
literary craftsmanship and a note of
mystical contemplation;
• Christ, Juliana, The Fates of the Apostles
11. The Venerable Bede
• the most learned theologian and the besthistorian of Christianity of his time;
• a teacher and a scholar of Latin and
Greek;
• Ecclesiastical History of the English
People - is the first account of AngloSaxon England ever written.
12. Nowell Codex
Beowulf - heroic poem• England’s national epos
• fictional elements + real historical events
• Scandinavian sources
• 1936 – J.R.R.Tolkien’s essay
“Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics”
13. Nowell Codex
• Judith – a Biblical poetic paraphrase – thecult of the True Cross
• The Wonders of the East – a map of the
world
14. Exeter Book
• Elegiac poetry - wisdom poetry – shortlyrical poems (the topic itself is loss)
• Christ – a series of poems - the cult of the
True Cross
• A collection of 95 riddles – non-supplied
answers
15. Vercelli Book
• Dream of the Rood – one of the mostbeautiful of all OE poems – a dream vision
of Christ on the cross, with the cross
personified
16. Poetic forms
King Alfred’s contribution• Translated books from Latin into OE;
• The prolific writer of sermons;
• Translated the first 6 books of the Bible;
• Wrote a wisdom poem over the course of
his reign based loosely on the neoplatonic
philosophy of Boethius called the Lays of
Boethius
17. King Alfred’s contribution
Prose• Sermons and Latin translations of religious
works;
• Legal texts (donations, wills, court cases)
– valuable insights into the social history;
• Rules and calculations;
• Medical works
18. Prose
OE poetry• Heroic poems - Beowulf; Waldere; The
Fight at Finnsburth
• Elegiac poetry – Consolation of
Philosophy
• Christian poetry – Judith; Christ; Dream of
the Rood
• Prose – The Pastoral Care; The Wonders
of the East
19. OE poetry
OE literature• Up to 14th century – read and used;
• 15-16th centuries – catalogued and
organized;
• 17th century – OE literature dictionaries
and references;
• 18th century – a part of university
curriculum
20. OE literature
Anglo-Norman literature(1066-1204)
• A new form of English – Middle English –
comprehensible
• The Duchy of Normandy and England
were united
• The Norman language – William the
Conqueror – the language of nobility
21. Anglo-Norman literature (1066-1204)
The Norman language• 12th c. – Norman French Latin – the
literary language – at the court
• Schools for teaching French
• Changes: graphical characteristics,
individual modifications
• French - great prestige
22. The Norman language
• 1363 – the parliamentary session inEnglish
• French - the language of the courts of
justice until the 17th c.
• French and Latin – the language of
government until the mid-1480s.
23. The Norman language
Anglo-Norman literature• The most flourishing period – the
beginning of the 12th c. to the end of the
first quarter of the 13th c.
24. Anglo-Norman literature
Genres• Epic and romance
• Fables and religious
tales
• History
• Lyric poetry
• Satire
25. Genres
Epic and romancechansons –”Chanson de Roland” – the
oldest manuscript; the story of Tristan and
Iseult (Beroul and Thomas) – the most
celebrated love-legend; “Life of Richard
Coeur de Lion” – an English version
26. Epic and romance
Fables and religious tales• Marie de France – translations from King
Alfred;
• The Mary legends - 2000 tales
27. Fables and religious tales
History• Geoffrey Gaimar – the first AN
historiographer;
• Paul Meyer’s edition of “The History of
William the Marshal” (1186-1219) – of
great value for the history of the period
28. History
Lyric poetry and satire• 71 ballads of John Gower – Latin, French,
English – written in 2 or 3 languages
• Drama - the imitations of the French
moralities
29. Lyric poetry and satire
14th century• An era of forming English nation and its
language
• An epoch of Langland and Chaucer
• An epoch of weakening feudalism and the
fight against the Catholic church
• John Wycliffe – religious reforming ideas
• William Langland “Vision of Pier the
Plowman”
30. 14th century
Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400)• An English author, poet, philosopher, and
diplomat;
• The first author to demonstrate the artistic
legitimacy of the vernacular English
language;
• “The Book of the Duchess” – the first
major work
31. Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400)
• Periods – French, Italian, English;• Metrical innovation- the rhyme royal- the
iambic pentameter;
• Standardized the London Dialect;
• The Oxford English Dictionary –
acceptable, amble, annoyance, arrogant,
etc.);
• 16-17th cc.- the most printed English
author
32. Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400)
“The Canterbury Tales”• Naturalism of its narrative;
• The variety of stories and the varied
characters;
• Real life for the cast of pilgrims;
• Speech and manners of the types of
pilgrims.
33. “The Canterbury Tales”
Folklore poetry• A song
• A ballad – a dramatic song with a plot;
chorus performing, accompanied by music
and dancing
• Types: historical, legendary, and social
• Robin Hood cycles
34. Folklore poetry
Scottish literature• The ethnic language - Gaelic
• The Fenian Cycle - ballads
• Allusions to Gaelic legendary characters