National religions

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NATIONAL
RELIGIONS
Presented By :
Ph.D. Assoc. LETursunov
Samarkand State University 2024

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Hello,
I'm Lochin Tursunov
Ph.D. Assoc.

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PLAN:
• 1. The emergence and development of the Mesopotamian religious
system
• 2. Ancient Egyptian religious system
• 3. Ancient Greek religious system
• 4. Ancient Indian religion
• 5. Ancient Chinese religion
• 6. The religion of Judaism
Samarkand State University 2024

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1. The emergence and development of the Mesopotamian
religious system
Under the influence of the development of productive forces, a
union of tribes was formed. This alliance was made in the form of
a union of dozens of tribes around a dominant tribe. The
dominant tribe sought to ensure that its values prevailed in the
alliance while uniting other tribes around it. At the same time, the
patron deity was recognized as the main deity of the tribal union.
Tribes continued to worship their local deities while recognizing
the supremacy of the ruling tribal deity. At the same time, the gods
of other tribes and countries were also accepted. As a result, people
worshiped hundreds or even thousands of gods and supernatural
beings. For example, the peace treaty concluded between the
Ancient Egyptian pharaoh Ramses II and the ruler of the Hittite
state Hattusili III was guaranteed by a thousand Egyptian and as
many Hittite gods.

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1. The emergence and development of the Mesopotamian
religious system
Polytheism diary life from demand come came out After all, at
that time in society relative stability and welfare that's it until
weak that is , a person achieved degree save to stay and more
development for each how coincidences or abnormal effects
account take and of them himself protection to do need was
Above note as it is , the tribe gods of the farm separately
patronage to the fields as well did In the tribe diary life concerns
solution to be done directly help giving of the gods position tall
was Because people to the gods worship it is of them own vital
problems solution being done help to give those who asked
Religious abnormal that the system to power have , nature and
in society events development which defines , produces release
to the fields sponsored and social in life position with mutually
difference who does powerful of the gods to existence to believe
it is said .

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1. The emergence and development of the Mesopotamian
religious system
Mighty to the gods worship religious of the system basis organize if he does ,
he is one until wider structural to the system have In this regard , the first in
turn , primitive forms of religion to him effect account get Demand will be
done because news by itself to the body maybe not social development
reflection bringer of the chain one ring is considered In this social mind taking
into account the level get necessary Simple people to the body coming new
religious to the system his own diary imagination , life norms , customs and
taking their traditions as well enters This is a relationship religious in the
system the past of the remains to be kept provide with together , in society to
strengthen it they help .
Religious in the system the past to the remains different different superstitious
views , sorcery methods use , to characters to believe and that's it such as
example by doing we bring can But to them the past Ignore the leftovers with
in relation to be wrong . From the past preserved the rest effects content sharp
change , news important to the part rotation can For example , primitive in
society to the spirits worship religious in systems of the soul migration ( in
Buddhism ) and eternity ( Christianity and islam in religions ) about to beliefs
basis it has been . So , the past effect not only superstitious views in the
example in the news preserved will remain , maybe his important structural to

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• Although the religious complex is of great importance in the
formation of the religious system, it is qualitatively different from the
old religious views. One of its important differences is that the
religious complex is not divided into main and non-main parts. Even
if one type of religious complex is used more than others in a tribe of
primitive society, it is a mistake to conclude that its other types have
lost their importance here. Because the priority of a particular type of
religious complex in the tribe is relative and can easily give way to
another. In a religious system, gods are divided into groups according
to their position in society. Each group has clearly defined tasks.
Powerful deities form the highest link of the religious system and
other parts are subordinated to them. Relations between
supernatural forces are organized on the basis of the principle of
subordination from the bottom up, as in a class society.
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• Religious of the system important from the features again one religious of the
organization existence . Work release of forces development under the influence of
population points getting bigger went , administrative , crafts and trading centers
countable of cities appear to be , religious teaching , ritual and of traditions more
and more complication etc under the influence of religious organizations - temples
to the body came Temples to religion related tasks done increase with together
economic , political and cultural center activity as well conducted Religious in
systems state of the head position high being his personality deified , god level
raised Highlight it is acceptable , the ruler's identity deification practice all in
nations not used . This is an activity more political important have was State
system strengthening or stability provide in order to of the population to his mind
there is political order of god will with to the body quoted , ruler while of god view
fell person , that is on the ground representative said ideas embedded .
• Summary as to say maybe religious system religious of the complex makes sense
continued , social of development objective derivative as appear was Mighty to the
gods faith to do new socio-political of the system ideology task perform with
together of culture service to development did

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Humanity the first religious in history systems to the body came ancient from
the centers one Mesopotamia ( II the river interval ) is . There religious
system from AD 4th and 3rd millennium BC annuals within the limit appear
was
in Mesopotamia religious of the system appear to be and development in
learning socio-political conditions account get Demand will be done . In the
region Ancient of the East another from the centers different as some invader
rulers (Sargon, Hammurabi ) are political regimes account strong , stable ,
centralized state organize did not find in the region city-states in the middle
political rule for mutually wars non-stop continue reached That's why for in
Mesopotamia political of the situation to himself feature city-states of the
rulers position effect reached Here state of their superiors personality
glorified , gods level not raised , to them " God's child ", " on earth God said
titles not given Local rulers high priest and God with directly in touch divisor
representative , religious to ceremonies leadership doer and of the people
requests to god deliverer intermediary calculated .

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in Mesopotamia state their bosses sacralization ( Latin sacer - sacred said the meaning means )
of to himself feature , in the region centralized of the state organize not found , gods between
mutually affect relationships as well reached Gods mutually political rule for sharp struggle
and competition to the vortex not weighed . For this reason if need , different to the gods a
worshiper population in peace lived , real and fake faith supporters in the middle hostility
relations and collisions to the body did not come
Mesopotamia religious system to polytheism based on in the region gods , social in life
importance according to , local and the whole state to the gods to be can
Local to the gods each one city , village and to the neighborhood patronage doer the gods
example by doing we bring can City , village and of the neighborhood in the center to him
patronage doer to god dedicated A shrine ( ziggurat ) was built . It is conical in the form of
rectangle building is external apparently up looking reduced going the stairs reminds The place
of worship is 3-7 floors by doing ripe of brick built of the building high floors stairs or slope in
the form built corridors through raised Usually remember high floor the sky bodies movement
to observe intended observatory task done
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People sponsor to the gods worshipers , sacrifices those who did Sponsor god , which to the
field from specialization ( sky god , earth god of fertility god and etc. ) strictly look , from
him salvation asking appeal did to a person divine help is considered to give
Two the river range of the people social in his mind the whole state gods from long ago
form started To legends according to the first city-states appear has been in periods Sumer
pantheon ( Greek pantheioh — all gods said the meaning means ) to the body came Ancient
Sumer gods like people life forgave and increased . For example , the sky God is An and land
god - Kidan the air God is Enlil and water the god is Ea was born Gods mutually
complicated to relationships entered To this relationship historical periods , political
situation and of dynasties change effect reached
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Sumer to the gods the air The god is Enlil did His authority official important have
was Enlil is equal between the first was Power to the hand input for his relatives to be
seven couple great gods mutually who fought Mutually in the struggle defeated has
been God from the authorities removed , earth under the dead to the kingdom almost
done Gods eternal land because it was under the dead to the kingdom down the rest
God long difficulties and from tests from the past after from hell back out , gods in the
pantheon previous position again restored or of the task change because of people
from memory little by little forgotten gone
Gods level power for fight results more on the ground socio-political situation ,
dynasties exchange or city - states between forces of the ratio to change depends was
In the region political rule to the hand entered city-state his own declare his god as the
chief god did

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of the gods most of them anthropomorphic ( Greek anthropos - man , morphe
- form said meanings means ) in form described But their some ( water the
god is Ea or war god - Nergal ) half man , half in the form of an animal (
zoomorph ). described These primitive forms of religion , in particular of
totemism strong from the effect proof will give . Gods in describing animals
appearance preserved stay with together population to animals continue to
worship made holy animals between bull and snake separately glorified .
Mesopotamians gods " powerful ". they called bulls . Also a bull productivity
symbol and masculinity the beginning was Snake ( wisdom , resourcefulness ,
dexterity symbol ) of femininity the beginning symbol was
Two the river range of their peoples religious doctrine reflection bringer holy
inscriptions not created , but his basics people oral creativity examples (
myth , epic , narration , story , fairy tale etc. ) . will be done . Until us " The
world creation about epic ", " Aguayoya about epic ", " Adapa about epic ", "
About Gilgamesh saga » and others arrived came From these sources Two the
river of the interval religious system about valuable information get can

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Вавилон минораси.

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The religious system of the two river basins developed and improved over the centuries. The
participation of various ancient peoples in this process also served to open new horizons. At the
beginning of the 2nd millennium BC, a developed religious system was gradually formed in the
region. During this period, the city-state of Babylon grew stronger and its power was established
in the area between the Two Rivers. Marduk, the patron of the city of Babylon (the god of order
in the universe), was recognized as the main deity. According to legends, Marduk defeated
Tiamat (the symbol of primordial chaos), a creature who rebelled against the gods. Due to the
change of the main deity, the functions of gods and other supernatural beings were revised.
After the fall of Babylon, Marduk also gave way to the patron deity of another powerful state.
Thus, changes in the religious system continued. In Mesopotamia, gods were believed to live as
humans. Changes in people's lives caused similar processes in the lives of gods. With the
emergence of classes and the state in society, the division into classes also began among beings
with supernatural powers. In the religious system, a chief deity and a group of attendants
appeared. Supernatural beings were also ruled on the basis of the principle of subordination
(hierarchy). Primitive forms of religion such as sorcery and fortune-telling still survive as tools
to serve the gods.

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Usually, priests presided over religious ceremonies dedicated to the gods. The
head of state also served as high priest. The high priestly status of the ruler
strengthened the position of the priests in the society. Priests lived in temples,
owned and managed temple properties. Priests had a very high influence in
society as religious leaders, scholars, trainers and owners.
Along with religious duties, the synagogue also performed secular duties: it
owned large arable fields, livestock and pastures; participated in domestic and
foreign trade. Craft workshops were built under him. The temple served as a
center of culture and enlightenment. They have a state archive, a library and a
school. Priests were the teachers in the schools.
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Religious in faith moral values separately important have was Priests
religious in ceremonies people to the gods fig do not bring them respect
make , lie testimony not to give and lie not speaking , theft don't do it ,
man do not kill , adultery Don't do it , parents and adults respect do ,
weak and poor to people oppression not to do , relative - seeds between
rahna not to put , to fellow tribesmen help give , tribe to work neglect
not to do such as to qualities invitation those who have
Summary as to say maybe two the river range ( Mesopotamia ) religious
system in the region socio-political conditions under the influence of
society of life all aspects cover to get pretentiousness did not with
religion in society depends didn't happen relations , views and of
procedures action to do hindrance did not Religious of the system this
feature later on Medium the sea in the basin his under the influence of
appear has been in cultures of superstition development comfortable
conditions created

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2. Ancient Egypt religious
system
The religious system of Ancient Egypt developed simultaneously with the
emergence of the Mesopotamia religious system. These two peoples, whose
economic life is close to each other, have created a culture that is sharply different
from each other in terms of their socio-political system, the role and importance
of their religion in social life.
The uniqueness of the ancient Egyptian economy had a great impact on the
formation of the religious system. Agriculture based on artificial irrigation,
construction and maintenance of complex irrigation facilities, it was required to
unite the power of the population at the state level and create a unified economic
system based on it. At the end of the 4th millennium BC - at the beginning of the
3rd millennium BC, under the influence of economic necessity, the Nile oasis was
united into a single center.
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2. Ancient Egyptian
religious system
Centralized state chief called pharaoh . Pharaoh not limited political to the authorities
have has been and his personality deified , god level raised Ancient Egyptians Pharaoh
of god on the ground symbol ( earthly those who know as god ) . Pharaoh of the god
Amon Ra on the ground a woman with holy marriage as a result born God as glorified .
People to him loss from delivery scared even say his name too those who did not
receive The term " Pharaoh ". a metaphor word is big the house is great home said
meanings means
State chief of the person deification of the priests in society position strengthened .
They are priesthood with together central and local state of the authorities official ,
court their work executor official personality , astrology , architecture , coaching like
worldly things those who did Priests in society separately to benefits have category
organize reach the power take over for even pharaoh and his successors competition
with those who did

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2. Ancient Egyptian
religious system
The ancient Egyptians worshiped powerful gods, supernatural beings, forces of nature,
and animals. The religious system expanded due to the adoption of the gods of
neighboring nations. Every town and village had a local deity to worship. Temples were
built dedicated to them, sacrifices were made, religious holidays and ceremonies were
held.
After the city-states of ancient Egypt were united into a single center, a group of gods of
national significance emerged. The group was led by the chief deity. The Sun god Amon
Ra is recognized as the main deity. From the end of the 3rd millennium BC, the position
of Amon Ra, the patron of the city of Thebes, as the main deity was further strengthened.

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2. Ancient Egyptian
religious system
Ancient in Egypt the whole state to the gods of worship to the
body coming about different religious teachings there is . They are
between Heliopolis of the school doctrine separately important
have In it nine the whole state god about story will be done . This
the teaching is called " yenneada " . To him according to , initially
primitive Oman symbol as Nun exists was From the flour eternity
god - Atum separate came out Atum winged snake in the form of is
described . Those gods are Shu and Tefnuts created Of them gods Geb and Nut was born . Later on the air God is this sky god
Nutney land God is from Geb separated Geb and from the
marriage of Nut mortal nature symbol , the other side the world
god - Osiris, fertility , water and the wind god - Isida , dead people
to the soul patronage doer Goddess - Neftida , desert god - Set was
born .

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2. Ancient Egypt religious
system
Nationwide to the gods initially Atum leadership did But to the
authorities pretentiousness doer gods with in competition he is the
sun to the god Ra (Amon Ra). defeated . From AD 3rd millennium BC
of the year end - II thousand of the year at the head is Ra authority
more strengthened . Memphis city of the school cosmogonic ( Greek
cosmogony - of the world appear to be said the meaning means ) to
the doctrine according to Ptax ( creator God , in Memphis the dead
god as glorified , he is mummified man in the form of is described )
existence and all the gods created Ptax existence word and creative
ability using it is considered that it creates Divine the will his in the
heart appear was Be in Christianity to the body coming about that's it
similar doctrine there is . Apostle John in the gospel God existence
word through creation note done

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2. Ancient Egyptian
religious system
Ancient Egyptians the gods powerful and vindictive abnormal those who
know as beings . People to the gods service to do for created if they own
duties if they forget or them if they don't do it seriously , of the gods to
his anger subject to it was considered that they will be Therefore, the
state treasure and citizens personal of income very big part to the gods
dedicated , that is temples construction , sacrifices and another many
religious ceremonies to perform cost done For example , Pharaoh Hufu
mausoleum ( pyramid ) si from AD in the previous XXVII century face out
of a thousand more than people by 20 years during built
Gods totemism under the influence of initially basically on the farm used
home animals in the form of described Later on religious of doctrine
improving to go with they are man or half man , half an animal in their
images described For example , Osiris, Isis , Hathor such as gods man in
the guise of Gor eagle head man , Seth colt head , Tot stork head creature
in their images described

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2. Ancient Egyptian
religious system
Religious in views totemism with together of animism effect strong was It's dead people burial
in the ceremony obvious manifestation was In the stories it is said that the person spirit will
not die . " Ka " and "Ba" spirits in man there is . They are different tasks they do . " Ka " spirit
man death from what he did after in the body remains . "Ba" spirit while the body leave reach ,
the other side in the world trip continue makes and in the end the previous one to the corpse
back will come . From this after man again will be resurrected and forever pleasure dominant
has been divine in society his life continue makes
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2. Ancient Egyptian
religious system
Man's again the resurrection for one series of duties solution to be done Demand done First " Ka
" spirit first in the body save to stay need was Of this for of the deceased body mummified . If
the mummy time and nature of forces under the influence of rotten If it goes , add tool as to the
grave person's image drawn or a statue placed " Ka " spirit in the body preserved stay of "Ba"
spirit beyond in the world God with question - answer and different from dangers successful to
pass help considered to give ; secondly , "Ba" spirit beyond in the world person's while alive did
works for God in front answer is considered to give From this very if not the soul the dragon
win sent by , as a result his beyond the world tour is over . From the survey positive the result
with past soul while to the body returned and of a person again to the resurrection until Ialu to
the valley ( paradise ). fell
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2. Ancient Egyptian
religious system
Ancient in Egypt political of power centralization and state of the leader not limited to the authorities have the fact that in the world the first
being monotheism of the doctrine surface to come reason was From AD of the previous XV century at the end the country led by pharaoh
Amenhotep IV ( nobles and of the priests authority from him pulling get for to fight blow to give in order to ) religious reform spent Reform as a
result polytheism void done and the only one to the god Aton ( Sun ). worship current done Old temples closed placed and their properties
confiscation done of the country the capital new built Akhetaton to the city moved . Pharaoh himself Akhnaton ( Atonga welcome like ) is called
. But reform for yet historical necessity cooked immature and society monotheism acceptance ready to do was not He is more political important
have to be , white nobleman and of the priests in society economic and political to the power blow to give in order to done increased That's why
it 's his failure with ending in advance known was Pharaoh death from what he did after religious reform void done and he is cursed as a dahri .
Time pass with previous to the gods worship again again restored .
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2. Ancient Egyptian
religious system
In conclusion, it should be noted that the ideas of the Ancient Egyptian religion were of great
importance in the creation and development of the culture of the Western and Eastern
peoples of the Mediterranean basin. Ideas such as the immortality of the soul, the afterlife, the
responsibility of a person before God and the resurrection were accepted as the ideas of the
monotheistic doctrines that arose in the region and influenced the development of the culture
of Ancient Egypt. Under the influence of the cultural centers of the ancient East, the culture
of Greece (Greece) and Rome was created in the Mediterranean basin.
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3. Ancient Greece religious
system
Ancient Greece religious system antique of culture structural part as another ancient
religions such as long development from the stage past In this country religious system
Ancient East of civilizations special provided - under conditions surface came and
developed in Greece Egypt and in Mesopotamia such as big rivers was not of the
economy basis organize doer Agrarian in the field plant fields dry lands being their main
part private to the owners dependent was of the country political system classic slavery
to relations based on from city-states organize found It is known that Ancient From
Greece different as , Ancient in the east slaves never when main work issuer strength
was not
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3. Ancient Greek religious
system
First being Ancient in Greece the state democratic manage shape appear was Later on
limited considered democracy state management form , though very a lot disadvantages
although - although, of the population known one to the part wide right and freedoms gave
Limited democracy of people own internal abilities and talents manifestation to do for East to
the states relatively wide opportunities created Human higher value the fact that about the
idea appear has been and developed . Above note done features country religious in the
system own on the contrary found
As a result of the gods duties has changed and new gods surface came From this time
considering productivity and viticulture god - Dionysus , the sea god - Poseidon , trade god Hermes , war god Ares worship started Theirs gods between position reinforced and later on
they are Olympia gods to the line included .

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3. Ancient Greek religious
system
Ancient Greece religious system development second period from AD
11th century BC from the ends started This is the epic of Homer ("
Iliad " and " Odyssey ") . the author ) is called the era . of Homer's time
Beginning Ancient in Greece of the power of the nobility ( aristocracy
). to the body coming and strengthening to the period right will come
. Nobles of the authorities strengthening during religious in the
system the whole nation gods group separate came out Greeks them "
Olympic". they called their gods . Olympia gods of the group formation
period long time continue reached and from AD to the previous VI-V
centuries come this process uzil - kesil finished Olympia gods ten two
from god consists of to them Zeus leadership did He is noble gods Aid
( dead kingdom god ), Poseidon ( sea god ) and to others relying on the
world led by Zeus presiding deities group the whole nation gods
Although recognized as - the population between very a lot local to
the gods worship tradition preserved the rest

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3. Ancient Greek religious
system
Gods began to be depicted in human form from this time. They resembled humans not only in
appearance, but also used food, clothing, labor, and weapons of war, lived in luxurious
palaces, were born like humans, and had the vices of humans. Gods differed from people only
in their divine power and immortality. In an attempt to avoid the wrath of the gods and to
gain their attention, people built luxurious temples, made many sacrifices, and performed
many other religious rituals in honor of the gods.
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3. Ancient Greek religious
system
From AD in the previous VI-V centuries slavery of city-states more
development religious of doctrine essence changed . Religious system
city-state citizens slaves over rule strengthened , his greek in society
importance protection did From this period from , in society
craftsmanship and to trade patronage doer of the gods social prestige
increased Theirs duties has changed . To the city-state patronage doer
God the same at the time to craft and patronage of trade as well who
does was of society medium and lower classes between Olympia their
gods of nobles sponsor and they are of the authorities defender that
circle views reinforced . They are Olympia their own local to the gods
to worship continue those who made
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3. Ancient Greek religious
system
In ancient Greece, priests were distinguished by the uniqueness of their social status. They did not form
a separate class in social life and were mainly engaged in managing the affairs of the temple. Religious
ceremonies were usually led by civil servants or philosophers. The Greeks believed that the gods
themselves should choose the priests. Therefore, the priests were chosen by lot from among the
applicants and lived in the temples. The synagogue had one or more priests. Depending on the deity to
which the temple was built, male or female priests served. A general rule regulating the marriage of
priests has not been developed. In some synagogues, female or male priests were forbidden to get
married, while in others, they were required to have a family. Since the state did not pay priests, they
lived mainly on donations. They were allowed to eat the meat of the animals sacrificed to the gods in
the temples, and to sell their skins, horns and hooves in the market. The synagogue was charged for
keeping state treasures and private valuables. Generally, priests can be included in the middle class in
terms of their material life.
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3. Ancient Greek religious
system
In the religious system there was a ritual of hero worship and sacrifices in their honor. The Greeks
called those who sacrificed their lives for their country heroes. Myths usually tell about heroes born
from the marriage of a god and a man. They showed bravery in the battle for the glory of their country,
protected their compatriots from various dangers. After the death of such people, their services to the
nation were rewarded and they were accepted as gods. Heroes continue to patronize their land even
after becoming gods, calculated.
The Greeks tried to create a sense of patriotism in the citizens by honoring those who sacrificed for the
country, to educate perfect people who care for the country's peace, prosperity and bright future.
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3. Ancient Greek religious
system
Ancient in Greece destiny Come on , people and even the fate of the gods too in advance
to the specified to believe there is was Religious to the narratives according to , even
powerful gods too fate change it those who did not receive Destiny age everyone's over
rule did People and of the gods fate moiras ( Greek moira - fate , destiny said meanings
means ) woven .
Destiny forever to believe of prophecy wide spread reason was Greeks any important
work from the start before of the prophet his opinion to know movement those who did
Predictors different of methods using events in advance telling to give movement those
who did This is work with basically the priests engaged in They are more sacrifice done
of the animal internal members location and to the situation looking prophecy to do
method wide used Such method Haruspitsia ( Etruscan in the language harus - internal
organs , Latin specio - I observe said meanings means ) is called . Ancient period Delphi
on the island Pythia temple predictors whole In Hellas ( Greeks own country with that
name atagan - s) famous those who are Historical to information According to Alexander
the Macedonian to Iran walking from doing before Delphi to the island come , the
prophets his opinion knew

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3. Ancient Greek religious
system
Ancient in Greece political dispersion religious effect on the system as well did Here the
whole nation important have religious organization was not Also Greek slavery democracy
religious different in doctrine of views mutually struggle cause released As a result Ancient in
Greece the first hidden religious societies and ceremonies to the body came They are between
Demeter ( fertility , farming , marriage and family life goddess ) and Dionysus ( vineyard and
winemaking god ) to dedicated mysterious ceremonies the most famous was Demeter
mysterious ceremony ( Eleusinian ceremonies ) in one times conducted . Ceremony beyond of
the world secrets to know dedicated . In it participation doers that's it basically beyond to the
world to leave preparation that he sees demonstration those who did At the ceremony
participation to those who from his sins get rid of to be , of their souls beyond in the world
pleasure at leisure to live a promise done
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3. Ancient Greek religious
system
Dionysus mysterious of ceremonies participants symbolic respectively dead resurrected , the other side the world talismans to understand aspirants . Ceremony
during sacrifice done of the animal raw meat and blood consumption done
Religious in the system hidden religious of societies to the body to come democratic
political system and religious beliefs in the interpretation differences with together
social of castes from marriage dissatisfied is also an effect reached Summary by doing
to say possibly Ancient Greece religious system in his teaching some people God level
raised Religious in views of primitive forms of religion effect strong though the gods
man in the form of depicted as people lived and mutually in communication was
People abnormal beings and even gods with competition those who did Religious
system social life complete control to do claim did not Religious arrangements more
recommendation to the content have was Har one person's to them action to do or
own at will according to to live possible was But people behaviors and behavior for
personally responsible those who are
Ancient Greece religious system doctrine and ceremonies later on Christianity
doctrine and of ceremonies in formation important source task done

42.

4. Ancient India religion
From AD II thousand years ago of the year in the middle of India northern and central
parts approx Pamir mountains in oases lived a nomad Aryan ( noble ) tribes pressing
those who received Theirs this to the lands coming classes and of the state appear to be
to the period right came A nomad tribes as usual local to the population absorbed did
n't go Aryans own customs , traditions and benefits save stay with together local people
of culture development big contribution added of the Aryans local to culture effect
religious in faith especially weighty was Theirs religious beliefs to the gods sacrifice do (
to god the most big sacrifice man calculated from after note reach order according to
horse , ox , sheep and a goat standing ) and another ceremonies holy in scriptures
described From AD II thousand years ago yearly the ends - I thousand of the year in
their heads this inscriptions on the basis of sacredness texts collection - Vedas ( Sanskrit
in language - knowledge said means ) created . The Vedas the text ancient gods about
stories , to the gods sacrifices to do order and this ceremonies in execution spoken songs
, gods in honor of spoken hymns and of spells Created .

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4. Ancient Indian religion
The Vedas are divided into 4 sets and consist of:
1) Rigveda - hymns dedicated to the gods. The adventures, interactions and main tasks of the
gods are described in poetic style;
2) Samveda - a collection of poems repeating the themes of the Rigveda;
3) Yadjuraveda - consists of the rules for making sacrifices;
4) Atharvaveda - composed of spells and incantations used against evil spirits.
4

44.

INDUIZM
VISHNU
BRAXMA
SHIVA

45.

4. Ancient Indian religion
The religion that arose in Ancient India at the end of the 2nd millennium BC - the beginning
of the 1st millennium BC was named after the holy book - the Vedas. The Vedic religion has
evolved over the centuries. It is based on polytheism. Daus was considered the god of the sky,
and Pitzhivi, the god of the earth, was the creator of existence, the progenitor of gods and
men. From them were born Indra (the god of heat, light, rain and floods, the ruler of the
universe), Agni (the god of fire, the patron of the family, the giver of happiness and healthy
children, the god who mediates between gods and humans). hanged Suriya (god of the sun),
Mitra (god of light), Varuna (god of the night, who ensures eternal order, punishes the guilty,
and forgives those who repent after confessing their guilt) can be mentioned among the gods
common among the Aryans. Among them, those who directly participate in solving people's
daily work are specially honored.
4

46.

4. Ancient India religion
in India work release of forces development , work distribution
, class ( varna ) and ancient of states to the body coming
because of religious in faith changes was Vedic religion
Brahmanism with replaced .
Brahmanism of society to classes the division of the Brahmins
privileges and the state sanctified . Attention to the new
religion deserves aspects one that is , then religious beliefs
Brahmins texts holy in the text statement done Brahmin texts
since it was created then also the Vedas preserved the rest and
they are the Vedas reviewer holy written task done
Brahmin in the texts of the Brahmins the most high class the
fact that statement made , caste system sanctified and their
separately to live rules defined . Har one religious certain caste
member of that it was for his rules based on lived

47.

4. Ancient Indian religion
Brahmanism to the doctrine according to material existence from him outside there is has
been the only one eternal of the soul emanation ( Latin emanatio - flow exit , pass said
meanings means god creative according to energy output ) as a result to the body came
Alive in creatures soul his one is a particle . Spirit eternal His again birth body to body if
not stopped infinite respectively will move . of the soul move sansara ( Sanskrit in the
language - formation , migration , existence to arrive said meanings means ) creed in order
puts Sansara all alive of creatures transience , changeability , of the soul body to body of
migration the only one chain about is a doctrine .
of the soul to move order , that is of the soul which of the creature to the body migration
his life the way or to karma ( Sanskrit in the language - action , duty , activity said
meanings means ) depends on . Karma is divine strength being a person happen reached
behavior , behavior , aspirations and goals summarizes and of the soul which to the
creature move determines In Brahmanism of karma basis caste rules organize is enough In
caste defined the rules break heavy sin is counted and this of the soul migration the issue
4
solution reach can

48.

4. Ancient Indian religion
Doctrines of Karma dharma ( sanskrit in the language - law , duty , rule , virtue such as
meanings means ) in the doctrine statement done Dharma - civil , moral and cultural the
rules system being his God by created note will be done . Dharma rules Indian people
marriage style became
Summary by doing to say perhaps Brahminism in Indian society social of development
proprietary inequality , private property and state to the body coming stage dominant of caste
interests service doer religious doctrine in the style of appear has been and developed
Brahmanism beliefs previous historical in periods there is has been religious of views makes
sense continuation as next in stages too importance save the rest
4

49.

5. Ancient China
religion
From AD II thousand years ago of the year in their heads Ancient China religion
to the body came Tribe union to the state grow up pass as a result of the ruling In
tribe sponsor Shandi is the presiding deity as acceptance done To the Almighty
worship clan - tribe religions basically formed because of in it totem and of
animism effect strong was The Chinese Shandini great ancestor as those who
appreciate He is a people of well-being protector , ancestors to their traditions
action of being done controller as this arrangement the violators punished People
to him own diary problems solution in reaching help asking worshipers . Shandy's
great ancestor as task later on ancestors to the soul of worship in the country
wide spread conditions created
From AD in the previous XI century in China Zhou of the dynasty rule during
Shandy faith The sky god and ancestors to the soul worship with exchanged With
that together with the ruler The sky god with pedigree dependence idea to the
body came and Chinese " skyline ". the so-called "empire ". was

50.

5. Ancient Chinese
religion
The sky god existence determiner immutable universe order represents In the universe action doer order in society
ethics in the norms manifestation will be To virtue aspiration The sky laws action to do with materialized . In this
person's main task The sky with right in relation to be , global in order suitable is to come Worldly order in existence ,
in nature himself manifestation does After all, existence and nature divine of perfection one appearance he is human
this order to break right it's not . Person nature with harmonious to live in it to perfection aspiration need In nature to
perfection aspiration people between to relationships effect reached The Chinese each one in man social from the
situation strict look perfection they see it as existing .
5

51.

5. Ancient Chinese
religion
Another characteristic of ancient Chinese religion is that the priestly class had a strong
position in society, but the role of priest and civil servant was the same. Because the emperor,
the earthly representative of the God of Heaven, as the first priest, assigned the task of
performing religious ceremonies to the civil servants. Since their main task was to ensure the
stability of the state, the worship of the God of Heaven acquired an official-bureaucratic
meaning.
Shandi, the worship of Heaven and the spirit of the ancestors served as the basis of the
ancient Chinese culture. The religious and philosophical teachings of Taoism and
Confucianism were formed on their basis.
5

52.

5. Ancient Chinese
religion
Ancient China religious philosophical from the teachings one is Taoism
. He is philosophical doctrine as from AD in the seventh century BC to
the body came From AD in the previous IV-III centuries religious
doctrine as reinforced . Taoism of doctrine the founder is a thinker
coach Lao- sz . This is it religious of doctrine based on the Dao views
organize is enough Dao is existence , universe about law , universal
unity of the world , divine absolute ( lat absoluts – unrestricted ,
unconditional , unquestionable said meanings means , of being forever
the beginning ) is Daoni never who uncreated , being from him starts
and to him will return The Dao is divine the beginning and the same
one at the time is the divine " way" . In the world all thing and including
events great This is the sky out of the way goes Fortunately to achieve
dream who does all people that's it out of the way go , Daoni
understanding and to him the addition of need Man microcosm , Dao
macrocosm and is eternal . His death this of the soul from the body
separate output and to the macrocosm absorbed is to leave . Man's task

53.

5. Ancient Chinese
religion
to the teachings of Dao According to , the power of De to the
path of Dao is typical . through De each one manifesting the
Dao in a person will be Dao people to the goal in achieving to
activity does not encourage . Tell them nature procedures from
breaking which keeps to inactivity invites Man identity from
awareness existence goes to know . Dao's ideal - nature with in
harmony , his to the ceremony condescending people
Doasism Ancient China religious system religious mystic field
development big contribution added if so , Confucianism
religious in faith vitality , sociality and morality aspects in
development big important have was Confucianism the
founder Ancient China the thinker is Kun- szi .

54.

5. Ancient Chinese
religion
Confucius did not leave written sources because he expressed his views in
conversations with his students. His students and friends wrote down his
ideas. Based on these documents, a book called "Lun'-yuy" ("conversations
and reflections") was later published. In that period, internecine wars
intensified in the country, and social stability was lost. Therefore,
Confucius sought to develop the religious and moral foundations of
strengthening society, and to achieve social stability by restoring ancient
beliefs and traditions. The thinker encouraged people to restore the
former importance of worshiping the sky and the spirits of the ancestors.
5

55.

5. Ancient Chinese
religion
5

56.

5. Ancient Chinese
religion
Ancient to tradition according to the world in order and mutually related
forever the beginning is one different laws based on spiral develops . Man
mutually related and in order in the world own place to find need Of this
for it to perfection aspiration necessary Confucius to perfection about the
aspiring "ideal person ". the idea work came out With the universe in sync
to live able has been man is " noble" . husband ", his He called his antipode
"low man " . To the ideal person the following five quality characteristic :
emotion , duty , knowledge , standard to know feeling and confidence
5

57.

5. Ancient Chinese
religion
Noble a person duty and to the law obedience is enough A low person has a "
fatty " place to take over and more benefit to get strives The first to himself the
second to people is demanding . Noble a person about his small to work looking
price giving no , but big things to him believing submit can To a lowly person big
things believing handed over it won't be , his small to work looking conclusion if
it comes out will be The first people with agree lives , but to them imitation does
not A low person to others follows , but they are with agree live ca n't Noble to a
person service to do easy , but him happy to do difficult because it is necessary
rejoices . The second happy to do easy , but to him service to do difficult Noble a
person humanity and necessity because of to death upright goes , but a low
person life own to his soul intention to do with completes . Noble a person three
from thing : Sky commanding , great from people and smart from words is afraid
A low person The sky order doesn't know and from him not afraid , practical big
smart from people hates them advice action does not

58.

5. Ancient Chinese
religion
Stable society about ideas social of order main principle work output basis
was Father fatherhood , child sonship , ruler rulership , servant service let
him do it , that is each one person own task and the right let him know and
Demand done work let him do it . Society that's it basically to the upper (
managerial ) and lower ( working ) classes separated . Layers between
difference lineage , state with not but knowledge and qualities with defined .
This is low class representatives talent and qualities with career from the
podium to the emperor to rise possibility gave China lower caste in history
representatives of the imperial throne own to the dynasty basis put or state
chief to the position being raised about many examples to bring can
In Confucianism ancestors to the soul worship ceremonies main place
occupied and their sure to be fulfilled big attention given Ceremony through
each one person of the universe infinite in the flow own place it is considered
that he will find

59.

5. Ancient Chinese
religion
Religious doctrine of " siao " in ethics acceptance done To him according to one a child
his parents respect to do and always to them loyal stay Demand will be done . Mind a
child his parents who from them give up to leave right it's not . China religious in the
narratives his parents hungry the rest , to them body cut from it food prepared gave
children about story done
Ancestors to the soul worship and the doctrine of " siao ". family of values in society to
be strengthened help gave Family of society basically organize did and person interests
family interests superior placed Family relationships organize in reaching emotion ,
feelings important it's not . Love is transient . His lack of of the couple main duty
countable a lot have a child to be and to them education to give of the task to be
fulfilled interrupt does not give it is necessary
5

60.

5. Ancient Chinese
religion
One of the important aspects of ancestor worship is unconditional obedience to elders.
Any senior, parent, civil servant or ruler should be unconditionally obeyed by a junior,
employee or citizen. It was considered a virtue for young people to blindly obey their
elders. In conclusion, it should be noted that although Confucianism has lost its
previous position in China, it has retained its importance as a religious belief.

61.

6. The religion
of Judaism
The religion of Judaism appeared in Palestine at the end of the 2nd millennium - the
beginning of the 1st millennium BC. The term "Judaism" is derived from the name of the
largest of the 12 tribes (such as Ruvit, Simon, Levin, and Judah) that were part of the
Jewish confederation. In the 10th century BC, they were united around the tribe of
Judah. David, the representative of the tribe, took the position of the king of IsraelJewish state.
6

62.

6. The religion
of Judaism
Totemism, animism, and sorcery flourished and polytheism existed until the Jewish nomadic tribes
invaded Palestine in the 13th century BC. The ideas of monotheism in the religious faith of the Jews
began to take shape after the conquest of Palestine. This process took a long time. Initially, Yahweh
(Jehovah), the god of mountains, lightning, thunder and water, was accepted as the main deity, but
the population maintained polytheistic traditions. In 622 BC, King Joseph abolished the worship of
gods other than Yahweh in order to end the practice of polytheism. However, measures taken by the
state to introduce monotheism were not effective. The situation changed radically after
Nebuchadnezzar, the New Babylonian king, conquered Judea in 586 BC. By order of
Nebuchadnezzar, the main temple of Judaism in Jerusalem was destroyed. Some of the Jews were
forcibly moved to Mesopotamia. The struggle for independence began in Israel. Judaism served as an
ideology in the struggle of the Jews to restore state independence and return their forcibly displaced
compatriots to their homeland (diaspora). Since then, the idea of monotheism has been consolidated
in society as a religious ideology that unites Jews.
6

63.

6. The religion
of Judaism
The beliefs and rituals of Judaism are described in sacred sources. They include sacred writings
(Tanak) and sacred narratives (Talmud - lameid in ancient Oriya means learning).
Tanak - the holy book of Christianity is included in the Old Testament part of the Bible (Bible). The
Tanak is referred to as the Torah in the sources. The Torah was written in the X-V centuries BC and
consists of the following books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and the Second Law. In the 5th
century BC, the holy book was signed as a single collection. Portions of the Torah describe the
oneness of Yahweh, the creation of the universe, the expulsion of Adam and Eve from Paradise, the
adventures of their descendants, and their complex relationship with God.
6

64.

6. The religion
of Judaism
According to the narrations recorded in the holy sources, the prophet Moses (Moses) received a
revelation from God Yahweh on Mount Sinai. God Yahweh proposed to establish a covenant with
the Jewish people through his mediation. The contract is based on two conditions. First, the Jewish
people should recognize Yahweh not as the most powerful of gods, but as the only God, the creator
of existence and the determiner of the events that occur in it. The second is that if the Jews prove
their loyalty to Yahweh, they will be given the privilege of a nation favored by God and will be
under his protection.
6

65.

6. The religion
of Judaism
Jews are the beloved servants of God, and there is a belief that they are entrusted with the
responsibility of the people who fulfill the mission of building a divine society on earth that is
humane, equal, prosperous, harmonious and eternal. Consequently, based on it, the rabbis (rabbi in
ancient Yiddish means "my teacher"), i.e. the priests, achieved the adoption of a law in 444 BC that
forbade the Jews to establish god-parent relations with other peoples. The remarkable aspect of the
matter is that, on the one hand, this law caused the Jews to oppose other peoples (even their
persecution), and on the other hand, it served as a means of uniting the people to overcome difficult
trials. Yahweh gave a "covenant" to Moses on Mount Sinai. The content of the covenant is recorded
in the "Exodus" and "Deuteronomy" parts of the Torah. It consists of ten religious beliefs, ethical and
legal norms.
6

66.

6. The religion
of Judaism
It consists of ten religious beliefs, ethical and legal norms. They consist of:
1) worship only Yahweh;
2) Not to deify other than Yahweh, things and beings in the sky, earth, water or below, not to create
their idols and not to worship them;
3) not mentioning the name of God without reason;
4) work six days a week and do not forget to worship God on Saturday (since God created the world
for six days and issued a fatwa on the seventh day and sanctified it);
5) respect for parents;
6) not to kill people;
7) not to commit adultery;
8) not to steal;
9) not to give false testimony to close people;
10) not to betray the rights of close people.
The terms of the agreement apply to Jews and do not have the force of legitimacy in relations with
representatives of other nations. After all, it is possible that the doctrine of "life for life, blood for
blood" will shed more light on this problem.
6

67.

6. The religion
of Judaism
In the Torah book "Exodus" it is told that monotheism was introduced after Moses saved the Jews
from slavery in Egypt. History does not record that the Jews were in captivity in Egypt. The events
depicted in the narrative are probably the period of the Jewish struggle to occupy Palestine.
The sacred narratives of Judaism are the Talmud (derived from the ancient Hebrew word lameid,
which means study, analysis). Compiled from commentaries on the texts of the Torah during the
Diaspora. Talmud began to spread in the form of oral tradition in II-I centuries BC. It was signed in
the III-V centuries AD. It is composed of comments on the laws regulating criminal and civil
relations, moral norms, religious beliefs and rules, family and personal life issues.
Interpretation of religious beliefs was continued in later periods. In the Middle Ages, Judaism
changed a little while retaining its old content. The rabbis who ruled Judaism in the 11th-12th
centuries reworked many of its aspects. Rabbi Maymond, one of the prominent philosophers of the
Middle Ages, formulated the 13 basic tenets of Judaism.
6

68.

6. The religion of Judaism
They consist of:
1) there is a God who created the universe;
2) he is one;
3) it is incorporeal;
4) it is without beginning;
5) only one of the gods should be worshipped;
6) natural secret - truth;
7) Moses is the greatest of the prophets;
8) Torah (Torah), i.e. the first five books of the Bible, given to Moses by God;
9) The laws of Moses cannot be replaced by other laws;
10) the universe is governed by the will of God;
11) there is good for the good and punishment for the bad;
12) A savior will come to Israel;
13) the resurrection of the dead is true.
Through the above tenets written by Maimond, it was an attempt to further strengthen Judaism, to
make it a stronger defender of the interests of feudalism, to protect religion from blasphemy and
blasphemy, and to modernize Judaism. The goal of the new doctrines is to strengthen the liberating
mission of Judaism.

69.

6. The religion of Judaism
Zionism derives from the name Mount Zion. It is a modern version of Judaism, which was developed
based on the Torah's narratives about the covenant made in ancient times.
Since the beginning of Zionism, the claim of the Jewish people as "the gift of God" has been a banner
of Judaism. Zionism has developed and consistently pursued two interrelated goals. These goals are
as follows:
1) for historical reasons, to return the Jews who have been living in those places for many centuries
to their homeland, that is, to the homeland of their ancestors, and serve to turn the State of Israel
into a paradise on Earth;
2) if a person belongs to the Jewish nation, but cannot immigrate to Israel from his place of
residence, to contribute to the economic, political, moral and military support of Israel from there to
invite

70.

6. The religion
of Judaism
In Judaism, the religious organization changed during the stages of historical development. At first,
religious communities were led by priests. Religious life is centered in the Temple of Yahweh
(Jerusalem). After the beginning of the diaspora period, a synagogue - a community of believers led
by a rabbi (teacher) was established in religious life.
Although Judaism is the main religion in Israel today, it does not have the status of a state religion.
However, he relies on state support. Its influence on social life is very strong. Leaders of religious
communities, rabbis, have the status of civil servants. The rabbis formalize the civil status. They
conduct educational work in the armed forces, lead religious ceremonies.

71.

6. The religion
of Judaism
Judaism religious teams from Israel except of the world very a lot in the states activity take goes In
particular , it is official in Uzbekistan religious confession recognized as
Summary as note reach of course , Judaism to monotheism based on the most ancient from
religions one is developed religious to the ceremony have , of the people spiritual the world to get
rich service doer national is religion . Centuries during by improving came this religious doctrine
and ceremonies system the world religion status international in relationships active participation
reached coming Christianity and islam beliefs to form incomparable contribution added

72.

Review questions and assignments?
1. What are the reasons for the emergence of religious systems?
2. What characteristics do you know about religious systems?
3. What are the characteristics of the ancient Mesopotamian religious system?
4. When did the worship of ancient Sumerian gods appear?
5. What were the religious teachings and rituals of ancient Mesopotamia?
6. Why were pharaohs worshiped as gods in ancient Egypt?
7. What are the characteristics of ancient Egyptian religious ceremonies?
8. Where did the idea of monotheism first arise?
9. Why was a person embalmed after death in ancient Egypt?
10. Which ancient religion contributed greatly to the development of Western European culture?
11. What are the characteristics of ancient Greek religion?

73.

Samarkand State University
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