Россия и интернет

1.

! %& $%& " " $ " ! / ! ' $ %#'
%& !
"%' $%& !!" . &!" #$"( %% "! 0!"
" $ " & 0!" '+$ ! $ %#' %& !
« " !!" * "!!/) & )!" " »
! ' 0!/ #$" &
! & ':
$BEEия и иAF9DA9F
%FG89AF 7DGCCO %-15: 08и96 07B@98 ,0х@0AAGDB6ич
$G>B6B8иF9?P: $GEF0@B60 $0хи@0 )08:и@GD08B6A0

2.

6989A<9
EB6D9@9AAB@ @<D9 ИAF9DA9F EF4? A9BFN9@?9@B= G4EFPR
:<;A< @<??<4D8B6 ?R89=, < $BEE<S A9 S6?S9FES
<E>?RG9A<9@. ?B54?PA4S E9FP EFD9@<F9?PAB
FD4AEHBD@<DG9F B5M9A<9, 8BEFGC > <AHBD@4F<<,
Q>BAB@<>G, >G?PFGDG < 84:9 CB?<F<G9E>GR EH9DG EFD4AO.
МO 9:98A96AB CB?P;G9@ES <AF9DA9F-E9D6<E4@< 8?S
D45BFO, GG95O, D4;6?9G9A<= < >B@@GA<>4F<<. К4:9FES, GFB
6B;@B:ABEF< %9F< 59;7D4A<GAO, AB >4>B64 EC9F<H<>4 9ё
D4;6<F<S < HGA>F<BA<DB64A<S <@9AAB 6 DBEE<=E>B@
>BAF9>EF9

3.

А &'А Ь %&Ь
В84AAB= F9@O B5GE?B6?9A4 7?G5B><@ CDBA<>AB69A<9@ ИAF9DA9F4 6B
6E9 EH9DO :<;A< DBEE<=E>B7B B5щ9EF64, CDB8B?:4Rщ9=ES
F<HDB6B= FD4AEHBD@4F<9= Q>BAB@<>< < 7BEG84DEF69AAB7B
GCD46?9A<S, 4 F4>:9 6B;D4EF4Rщ9= DB?PR %9F< >4> C?Bщ48>< 8?S
B5щ9EF69AAB= 8<E>GEE<<, CB?GG9A<S GE?G7 < HBD@<DB64A<S
<AHBD@4F<BAAB7B CDBEFD4AEF64.
ЦЕ Ь
D4;B5D4FPES, >4> CBS6<?ES < D4;6<64?ES ИAF9DA9F 6 $BEE<<, >4> BA 6?<S9F
A4 :<;AP ?R89= < EFD4AO, < G;A4FP G EFG89AFB6, >4> BA< E4@< CB?P;GRFES
%9FPR.

4.

АДАЧ :
1. У;A4FP, >4> AF9DA9F CD<Hё? 6 BEE<R.
2. BE@BFD9FP, <; G97B EBEFB<F AF9DA9F 6 BEE<< E97B8AS < >4><9
DBEE<=E><9 E4=FO < E9D6<EO E4@O9 CBCG?SDAO9.
3. ВOSEA<FP, >4> 7BEG84DEF6B >BAFDB?<DG9F AF9DA9F 6 EFD4A9.
4. BASFP, >4> AF9DA9F CB6?<S? A4 :<;AP ?R89=, Q>BAB@<>G <
>G?PFGDG 6 BEE<<.
5. DB69EF< BCDBE ED98< EFG89AFB6, GFB5O G;A4FP, 8?S G97B < >4>
G4EFB BA< <ECB?P;GRF AF9DA9F.

5.

'FB F4>B9 ИAF9DA9F?
ИAF9DA9F (BF 4A7?. Internet) — QFB 7?B54?PA4S, 6E9@<DA4S E<EF9@4 B5N98<AёAAOI
>B@CPRF9DAOI E9F9=, CBEFDB9AA4S A4 <ECB?P;B64A<< CDBFB>B?4 IP (Internet
Protocol) < @4DLDGF<;4J<< C4>9FB6 84AAOI.
ОA CD98BEF46?S9F 98<AB9 <AHBD@4J<BAAB9 CDBEFD4AEF6B, E6S;O64S @<??<4D8O
>B@CPRF9DB6, E9D69DB6, @B5<?PAOI GEFDB=EF6 < 8DG7<I 748:9FB6 CB 6E9@G
;9@AB@G L4DG.
К?RK96O@ 8?S D45BFO ИAF9DA9F4 S6?S9FES A45BD CDBFB>B?B6 TCP/IP, >BFBDO=
B59EC9K<649F EF4A84DF<;<DB64AAGR C9D984KG 84AAOI @9:8G D4;?<KAO@<
GEFDB=EF64@< < E9FS@<, A9;46<E<@B BF <I H<;<K9E>B= CD<DB8O.
ИEFBD<K9E><, BEAB6B= 8?S EB6D9@9AAB7B ИAF9DA9F4 CBE?G:<?4 E9FP ARPANET,
D4;D45BF4AA4S 6 С(А 6 >BAJ9 1960-I 7B8B6 8?S AG:8 М<A<EF9DEF64 B5BDBAO <
A4GKAOI <EE?98B64A<=.

6.

>явле=ие И=FеD=еFа в >EEии
DBA<>AB69A<9 AF9DA9F4 6 !!! , 4 ;4F9@ < 6 BEE<R, A4K4?BEP A4 DG59:9 1980-I – 1990-I 7B8B6, 6
C9D6GR BK9D98P, K9D9; A4GKAB9 EBB5щ9EF6B. К?RK96GR DB?P EO7D4?< AEF<FGF 4FB@AB= QA9D7<< <@.
КGDK4FB64 < >BBC9D4F<6 «Д9@BE».
1990 7B8 EчиFа9FEя 7B8B@ «DB:89Aия» РGA9Fа:
'EF4AB6?9A4 C9D64S CBEFBSAA4S E6S;P CB e-mail (МBE>64 – )9?PE<A><).
4D97<EFD<DB64A4 C9D64S EB69FE>4S >B@CPRF9DA4S E9FP « 9?>B@» (RELCOM) < 8B@9A
GK4EF<S
69DIA97B GDB6AS .SU (Soviet Union). ;A4K4?PAB E9FP <ECB?P;B64?4EP 8?S B5@9A4 CBKFB= <
6 7DGCC4I AB6BEF9= (Usenet).
Нача?B 1990-х: AF9DA9F BEF464?ES <AEFDG@9AFB@ 8?S GK9AOI, CDB7D4@@<EFB6 < QAFG;<4EFB6. ДBEFGC 5O?
@98?9AAO@ < 8BDB7<@, BEGщ9EF6?S?ES K9D9; @B89@O CB F9?9HBAAO@ ?<A<S@ (Dial-up). BS6?SRFES
C9D6O9 >B@@9DK9E><9 CDB64=89DO.
7 аCD9?я 1994 7B8а: 4D97<EFD<DB64A < 89?97<DB64A A4J<BA4?PAO= 8B@9A .RU 8?S BEE<=E>B=
(989D4J<<. ЭF4 84F4 EK<F49FES BH<J<4?PAO@ 8A9@ DB:89A<S GA9F4 < 64:AB= 69IB=, E<@6B?<;<DGRщ9=
CD<;A4A<9 DBEE<=E>B7B E97@9AF4 A4 @9:8GA4DB8AB@ GDB6A9.

7.

Э6>?NFиO РG=9Fа: К?NG96ы9 ЭFа?ы
0728B85 @>AA89A:>3> И=B5@=5B0 ?@>H;> =5A:>;L:> :;NG52KE MB0?>2.
В >>=F9 1990-E – =аGа?9 2000-E 7>8>6, 2 M?>EC Dial-up, 4>ABC? 1K; <54;5==K< 8 4>@>38<, => 8<5==>
B>340 70@>48;8AL 1C4CI85 3830=BK, B0:85 :0: /=45:A (1997) 8 Mail.ru (1998). A=>2=K<8 70=OB8O<8
?>;L7>20B5;59 1K;8 M;5:B@>==0O ?>GB0 8 GB5=85 A09B>2.
$5в>;NF8N ?@>87в5;а A5@548=а 2000-E A <0AA>2K< ?@8E>4>< H8@>:>?>;>A=>3> 4>ABC?0 (Ш ) 8
"157;8<8B=KE" B0@8D>2, A45;02H8E И=B5@=5B ?>-=0AB>OI5<C <0AA>2K<. ЭB> 2@5<O @0AF25B0
1;>3>AD5@K (ЖЖ) 8 70?CA:0 ?5@2KE ?>?C;O@=KE A>F80;L=KE A5B59 – « 4=>:;0AA=8:>2» 8 « К>=B0:B5»
(2006).
%;54CNщ89 MBа?, :>=5F 2000-E – =аGа;> 2010-E, >7=0<5=>20;AO <>18;870F859 1;03>40@O A5BO< 3G 8
4>ABC?=K< A<0@BD>=0<. И=B5@=5B 2KH5; 70 ?@545;K 4><0. « К>=B0:B5» C:@5?8;0 ;845@AB2>, 0 70?CA:
?>@B0;0 « >ACA;C38» (2009) ?>:070; ?>B5=F80; F8D@>2870F88 3>AC40@AB20. 0G0; 0:B82=> @0AB8 A5:B>@
>=;09=-B>@3>2;8.
% A5@548=ы 2010-E 8 ?> =0AB>OI55 2@5<O, 1;03>40@O ?>2A5<5AB=><C 4G/LTE, И=B5@=5B AB0;
=5>BJ5<;5<>9 G0ABLN ?>2A54=52=>9 687=8. @>87>H5; 1C< <0@:5B?;59A>2 (Wildberries, Ozon), A5@28A>2
B0:A8, 4>AB02:8 8 AB@8<8=30. !D>@<8@>20;8AL <>I=K5 F8D@>2K5 M:>A8AB5<K (/=45:A, VK, !15@).

8.

И=HDаEFDGкFGDа $G=9Fа %97>8=я
EAB6G $GA9F4 EBEF46?ONF @BMAO9 @47<EFD4?PAO9 BCFB6B?B>BAAO9 E9F< BC9D4FBDB6,
E6O;O64NM<9 EFD4AG < @<D. К?NK96GN DB?P <7D4NF FBK>< B5@9A4 FD4H<>B@ (IX), 6DB89 MSK-IX, 789
CDB64=89DO EB98<AONFEO A4CDO@GN 8?O CB6OL9A<O E>BDBEF< 8BEFGC4 > @9EFAO@ D9EGDE4@ <
GEFB=K<6BEF< E9F<.
ДBEFGC >BA9KAOI CB?P;B64F9?9= B59EC9K<649FEO D4;AO@< F9IAB?B7<O@<: 6 7BDB84I CD9B5?4849F
BCFB6B?B>AB (FTTB/GPON), L<DB>B9 CB>DOF<9 849F @B5<?PAO= <AF9DA9F (4G/LTE), 4 8?O
G84?9AAOI @9EF <ECB?P;G9FEO ECGFA<>.
%B6D9@9AAO9 DBEE<=E><9 Ц9AFDO B5D45BF>< 84AAOI (Ц Д) ID4AOF 84AAO9 ?B>4?PAB, CB6OL4O
A489:ABEFP E9D6<EB6 < EBBF69FEF6GO FD95B64A<O@ ;4>BAB84F9?PEF64. 'CD46?9A<9
A4J<BA4?PAO@< 8B@9A4@< (.RU, .$() < D4;6<F<9 4J<BA4?PAB= E<EF9@O 8B@9AAOI <@9A ( %ДИ)
F4>:9 G>D9C?ONF EF45<?PABEFP $GA9F4.

9.

/ ?@>69; >?@>A 6 A6>99 7@C??9 8 7080; 8< 6>?@>A: К0: ч0AB>
ВO ?>;P7C9B9AP И=B9@=9B>< 6 B9ч9=89 8=я 8 >B @97C;PB0B
• 18 ABC45=B>в 87 25 (72%) >Bв5B8;8, GB> ?>;P7CNBAO И=B5@=5B>< ?>AB>O==> 8;8
=5A:>;P:> GаA>в в 45=P.
• 5 ABC45=B>в 87 25 (20%) 8A?>;P7CNB И=B5@=5B ?@8<5@=> >:>;> GаAа в 45=P.
• 2 ABC45=Bа 87 25 (8%) ?>;P7CNBAO A5BPN @565, =5 :а64O9 45=P 8;8 <5=PH5 GаAа.

10.

/ ?@>69; >?@>A 6 A6>99 7@C??9 8 7080; 8< 6>?@>A: Д;я :0:8E
>A=>6=OE F9;99 ВO 8A?>;P7C9B9 И=B9@=9B 8 6>B @97C;PB0B
o 5щ9A<9 (EBFE9F<, @9EE9A8:9DO) – G>4;4?< 22 EFG89AF4 <; 25 (88%).
o 4;6?9G9A<я (@G;O>4, 6<89B, <7DO) – G>4;4?< 20 EFG89AFB6 <; 25 (80%).
o УG954 < CB<E> <AHBD@4F<< – G>4;4?< 19 EFG89AFB6 <; 25 (76%).
o B>GC>< < BA?4=A-E9D6<EO (;4>4; 98O, F4>E< < F.8.) – G>4;4?< 8 EFG89AFB6 <; 25 (32%).
o ИECB?P;B64A<9 ГBEGE?G7 – G>4;4?< 4 EFG89AF4 <; 25 (16%).

11.

/ ?@>69; >?@>A 6 A6>99 7@C??9 8 7080; 8< 6>?@>A: К0:8<8 @>AA89A:8<8
>=;09=-A9@68A0<8 ВO ?>;P7C9B9AP ч0щ9 6A97> 8 6>B @97C;PB0B
• «ВК>=B0:B9» (VK) – 8A?>;P7CюB 23 ABC89=B0 87 25 (92%).
• С9@68AO /=89:A0 (П>8A:, К0@BO, МC7O:0 8 8@.) – 8A?>;P7CюB 18 ABC89=B>6 87 25 (72%).
• Telegram – 8A?>;P7CюB 15 ABC89=B>6 87 25 (60%).
• М0@:9B?;99AO (Ozon, Wildberries) – 8A?>;P7CюB 9 ABC89=B>6 87 25 (36%).
• Rutube 8;8 8@C789 @>AA89A:89 6889>A9@68AO – 8A?>;P7CюB 5 ABC89=B>6 87 25 (20%).

12.

А ЮЧЕН Е
И7CG82 ?CBP @>AA89A:>3> И=B5@=5B0, <>6=> A45;0BP 2O2>4, GB> >= ?@>H5;
>3@><=CR B@0=AD>@<0F8R >B =8H52>9 A5B8 4;S Q=BC780AB>2 4>
2A5?@>=8:0RI59 A@54O, 3;C1>:> 87<5=82H59 >1I5AB2>, Q:>=><8:C 8
?>2A54=52=CR 687=P. РC=5B >1;0405B A2>8<8 C=8:0;P=O<8 G5@B0<8: 745AP
AD>@<8@>20;8AP A8;P=O5 =0F8>=0;P=O5 IT-:><?0=88 8 ?>?C;S@=O5 A5@28AO,
B0:85 :0: /=45:A, VK, Ozon, 0 53> @0728B85 2> <=>3>< >?@545;S5BAS 0:B82=O<
3>AC40@AB25==O< @53C;8@>20=85<. К0: ?>:070;> 0=:5B8@>20=85, 4;S ABC45=B>2
И=B5@=5B AB0; 206=59H8< 5654=52=O< 8=AB@C<5=B>< 4;S >1I5=8S, CG51O 8
@072;5G5=89. Н5B A><=5=89, GB> 7=0G5=85 И=B5@=5B0 2 Р>AA88 1C45B B>;P:>
@0AB8, 0 F8D@>20S 8=B53@0F8S ?@>4>;68B C3;C1;SBPAS, 45;0S РC=5B 5I5 1>;55
206=>9 G0ABPR 687=8 AB@0=O 8 :064>3> G5;>25:0.

13.

С С
Е!