Warm-Up
Circulation
What you need to know:
Transport systems (circulation) linked with gas exchange (respiration)
Circulatory System = Blood + Vessels + Heart
Figure 42.10a
Types of Blood Vessels
Double circulation pathways in vertebrates
Pathway of blood through heart
Figure 42.6
Cardiac cycle
Figure 42.8-3
Valves: prevent backflow of blood
Sinoatrial (SA) node: pacemaker of heart, in right atrium
Blood Pressure
Using a Sphygmomanometer
Figure 42.13
Lymphatic System: returns lost fluid and proteins to blood as lymph
Blood
Figure 42.17
Figure 42.18
Cardiovascular Disease
Figure 42.20
4.40M
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Warm-Up

1. Warm-Up

1.
2.
3.
4.
(Ch. 41) List the locations where each of the 4
macromolecules are chemically digested.
(Ch. 41) Where do vertebrates store excess
calories?
(Ch. 42) Draw and label the structure of a human
heart.
(Ch. 42) List the pathway of a single red blood
cell through the heart.

2. Circulation

Chapter 42 – Part I

3. What you need to know:

Circulatory vessels, heart chambers, route of
mammalian circulation
Evolution of the heart from 2 4 chambers
How RBC’s demonstrate structure/function
Blood pressure
Cardiovascular disease (Roles of diet, BP, genetics)

4. Transport systems (circulation) linked with gas exchange (respiration)

Diffusion of gases only rapid across small distances
Basic:
Cells in direct
contact with
environment
Ex. sponges
Gastrovascular
Cavity:
For digestion &
distribute substances
Ex. jellies, flatworms
Circulatory System:
Moves fluid to
tissues & cells for
exchange
Ex. larger animals

5. Circulatory System = Blood + Vessels + Heart

Open circulatory system:
blood bathes organs directly
•Blood + lymph =
hemolymph
•Heart pumps hemolymph
into sinuses
•Ex. arthropods, mollusks
Closed circulatory system:
blood contained in vessels &
pumped around body
•Blood and fluid separate
•Ex. annelids, cephalopods,
vertebrates

6. Figure 42.10a

Valve
Basal lamina
Endothelium
Smooth
muscle
Connective
tissue
Endothelium
Capillary
Smooth
muscle
Connective
tissue
Artery
Vein
Arteriole
Venule

7. Types of Blood Vessels

arterioles
venules
Arteries
Capillaries
Blood away from heart
High pressure
Thick, strong walls
Pulse
• Connect
arteries/veins
• Single-cell thick walls
• Exchange of O2/CO2
Veins
• Blood back to heart
• Low pressure
• Thin-walled, large
diameter
• Valves prevent
backflow

8.

Blood enters through an atrium and is pumped out
through a ventricle
Fish = single circulation pathway, 2 chambers
Double circulation: amphibians, reptiles, mammals
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

9. Double circulation pathways in vertebrates

10. Pathway of blood through heart

11. Figure 42.6

Capillaries of
head and forelimbs
Superior vena cava
Pulmonary
artery
Capillaries
of right lung
Pulmonary
vein
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmonary
artery
Aorta
Capillaries
of left lung
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Aorta
Inferior
vena cava
Capillaries of
abdominal organs
and hind limbs

12. Cardiac cycle

Systole: contraction or pumping phase
Diastole: relaxation or filling phase
Heart rate: # beats/minute (72 bpm resting)
Stroke volume: amount of blood pumped by L.
ventricle during contraction (~70 ml)

13. Figure 42.8-3

2 Atrial systole and ventricular
diastole
1 Atrial and
ventricular diastole
0.1
sec
0.4
sec
0.3 sec
3 Ventricular systole and atrial
diastole

14. Valves: prevent backflow of blood

The atrioventricular (AV) valves (tricuspid, bicuspid)
separate each atrium and ventricle
The semilunar valves control blood flow to the aorta
and the pulmonary artery
“Lub-dup” sound = blood against closed AV valves
(lub) / the semilunar (dup) valves
Heart murmur: backflow of blood through a
defective valve
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

15. Sinoatrial (SA) node: pacemaker of heart, in right atrium

16.

The pacemaker is regulated by two portions of the
nervous system: the sympathetic and parasympathetic
divisions
The sympathetic division speeds up the pacemaker
The parasympathetic division slows down the pacemaker
The pacemaker is also regulated by hormones
(epinephrine) and temperature
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

17. Blood Pressure

BP = systolic/diastolic
pressure
Systolic: heart contracts
Diastolic: heart relaxed
Normal: 120/70
Pulse: rhythmic bulging of
artery walls with each
heartbeat
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

18. Using a Sphygmomanometer

Blood pressure reading: 120/70
1
3
2
120
120
70
Artery
closed
Sounds
audible in
stethoscope
Sounds
stop

19. Figure 42.13

Direction of blood flow
in vein (toward heart)
Blood returning
to heart
through veins
and venules
Valve (open)
Skeletal muscle
Valve (closed)

20. Lymphatic System: returns lost fluid and proteins to blood as lymph

Lymph Nodes: filter
lymph, house WBC’s
Immune system role
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

21. Blood

Plasma (55%) – water, ions, proteins, gases,
nutrients, wastes, hormones
Cells (45%) – RBC, WBC, platelets
Develop
from stem cells in bone marrow
Red blood cells (erythrocytes): O2 transport via
hemoglobin
White blood cells (leukocytes): fight infection
Platelets (cell fragments): blood clotting

22. Figure 42.17

Cellular elements 45%
Plasma 55%
Constituent
Water
Solvent for
carrying other
substances
Ions (blood
electrolytes)
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Osmotic balance,
pH buffering,
and regulation
of membrane
permeablity
Plasma proteins
Albumin
Fibrinogen
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Separated
blood
elements
5,000–10,000
Functions
Defense and
immunity
Lymphocytes
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Osmotic balance,
pH buffering
Monocytes
Platelets
250,000–400,000
Clotting
Immunoglobulins Defense
(antibodies)
Substances transported by blood
Nutrients
Waste products
Respiratory gases
Hormones
Number per L
(mm3) of blood
Cell type
Major functions
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
5–6 million
Blood
clotting
Transport
of O2 and
some CO2

23. Figure 42.18

2
1
3
Collagen fibers
Platelet
plug
Platelet
Fibrin
clot
Clotting factors from:
Platelets
Damaged cells
Plasma (factors include calcium, vitamin K)
Enzymatic cascade
Prothrombin
Thrombin
Fibrinogen
Fibrin
Red blood cell
Fibrin clot formation
5 m

24. Cardiovascular Disease

Atherosclerosis: buildup of plaque deposits within
arteries
Heart attack (myocardial infarction): blockage of one or
more coronary arteries
Stroke: rupture or blockage of arteries in the head
Hypertension: high blood pressure; promotes
atherosclerosis and increases the risk of heart attack
and stroke
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

25. Figure 42.20

Lumen of artery
Endothelium
Smooth
muscle
1
LDL
Foam cell
Macrophage
Plaque
2
Extracellular
matrix
Plaque rupture
4
3
Fibrous cap
Cholesterol
Smooth
muscle
cell
T lymphocyte
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