Architecture of Kazakhstan in IV-IX c.BC

1. Lecture 3 Architecture of Kazakhstan in IV-IX c.BC

Mobile dwelling
Urbanism and memorial architecture of
Hunnu
Sanctuaries
Elaphine (deer’s) stones
Memorial-and-cult ensembles
Steles with Runic inscriptions
Balbals
Strongholds
Urbanism in Ancient Turkic states

2. Mobile dwelling (prototypes of Kazakh kiiz-ui)

Scythian and Sarmatian conical tent (square
in plan) with walls like stockade;
The Hunnu’s shelter with helmet-like form
(circle in plan) with walls were made of
interlaced willow wickers;
Turkic dwelling with cylindric frame and
spherical dome

3. Urbanism and memorial architecture of Hunnu (II BC – IV AD)

were discovered on the territory of Mongolia
(Ivolgin site, Bayan-Unger, Gua-Dov, TereljiynDereveljiyn, Bars-hot) and Hakassia (Tashebine
townlet under Abakan).
Strongholds (including citadel) with
rectangular and square plans
Entombments (Noin-Ula and Golmod barrows) –
wooden tombs (rectangular plan) with
sarcophaguses and rich inventory

4. Towns of Hunnu

5. Noin-Ula and Golmod barrows (Mongolia)

6. Turkic kaganate (551-603)

7. Eastern Turkic kaganate (603-628, 678-745)

8. Western Turkic kaganate (603-657)

9. An Ancient Turkic entombment

10. Memorial hendges of Turks

11.

12. The Jaisan sanctuary (VIII, Shu area of Jambyl region)

Square of complex
– 77 000 ha
Ensemble consist of
raw of sacramental
stone enclosures,
stone sculptures,
obsequial barrows

13. The Jaisan sanctuary’s reconstruction

14. Elaphine (deer’s) stones

15. Tashtyk archaeological culture

16. Memorial-and-cult ensembles of Ancient Turks

Located on watershed of Orhon, Tola rivers
(Mongolia), in Eastern Kazakhstan
Have character of funeral memorial
(without synchronous burials)
Consists of Temples, Pile fields, Steles with
inscriptions, anthropomorphous and
zoomorphous sculptures, Balbals
Steles with ancient Turkic, Sogdian,
Uigurian, Chinese and Sanscrit inscriptions

17. The Bugut memorial (Central Mongolia, Arhangai aimak)

Sides 55х40m, Stele was inside a
Temple, to which the range
of 264 Balbals were extend
1.
Bank
2.
Ritual path
3.
Platform
4.
Stone peribolos
5.
Temple’s ruins
6.
Basements of wooden pillar
7.
Balbals

18. The Bugut stele (582)

Height 1,98m, width –
0,7m, thickness - 0,2m
On 3 sides of stele there
are Sogdian inscriptions
by Sogdian language, on
4th side – Brakhmi
inscription by Sanscrit
language
On the top of Stele –
figure of Walf (Turkic
totem)

19. The Kul-Tegin memorial (Central Mongolia, Kosho-Zaidam valley)

General sizes 82,4х48m, sizes of
platform - 70х35m, of temple 13х13m
Temple has double brick walls, 16
wooden columns inside with
granite basis
Walls were lime washed and
covered by vermeil paint
Walls of interior were decorated
by multicolored floral
ornamentation
Façade was dressed by ceramic
plates with figures of dragons

20. Stele of Kul-Tegin (732)

Height is 3,15m, width
is 1,24m, thickness is
0,42m
On 3 sides of stele
there are Turkic
inscriptions, on 4th
side – Chinese
inscription
Platform of Stele –
figure of stone
tortoise

21. Sculptures of Kul-Tegin memorial

22. The Bilge-kagan memorial (Central Mongolia, Kosho-Zaidam valley)

General sides are150х110 m
1.
Ditch
2.
Bank
3.
Altar (cube)
4.
Stone peribolos, place of the Sacred
Tree
5.
Outside walls of temple
6.
Bypassed corridor
7.
Inside walls of temple
8.
Stone of Sacrifice
9.
Sculptures of Bilge-kagan and his wife
Bubu-begim
10.
Anthropomorphous sculptures
11.
Tortoise
12.
Stone rams
13.
Head Balbal
14.
Platform

23. The Bilge-kagan memorial. Silver and gold works

24. The Bilge-kagan memorial. Golden crown

25. The Bilge-kagan memorial. Constructional details of Temple: bricks and tiles

26. The Tonyukuk memorial (Central Mongolia, Central aimak)

General sizes are 57х41m
1.
Bank
2.
Ritual path
3.
Brick field
4.
Temple (12х10m)
5.
The Big stele
6.
The Small stele
7.
Head balbal
8.
balbals
9.
platform

27. Steles of Tonyukuk (716)

The Big - 2,25 х 0,5 х
0,2 m, the Small – 2 х
0,4 х 0,2 m
Without plinth (laid in
ground)
All inscriptions on
Ancient Turk
language

28. The Tonyukuk memorial’s reconstruction (by N.E. Novgorodova)

29. An ancient Turkic sculpture (Shavet-Ulan complex)

30. An ancient Turkic memorial of Eastern Kazakhstan

Located in Eleke sazy
valley, under Kargoba2 river, Tarbagatai
mounts, in 70 km of
Aksuat habitation
Consists of 2 parts:
square with stone
barrow and
rectangular parts
(enter)

31. Towns of Kazakhstan in IV-IX c. AD

Suyab, Isfidzhab (Sayram), Farab, Shavgar
(Southern Kazakhstan), Taraz, Kulan (Southern
Kazakhstan, Zhetysu)
Three-part structure: Arc (a citadel with the
palace of the governor), Shakhristan (the
internal city), Rabat (suburb)
Mud houses one - two-room (with the
storeroom); in the center – the floor fireplace,
along walls - sufa

32. Babish-mulla-2 settlement

Located in Syrdarya
valley sizes are about
60х80m
There is mausoleum with
vaults
Floor were paved by
hard-burned brick and
colored checkered by
red and white paint;
walls were plastered

33. Juan-tobe settlement (VII, Southern Kazakhstan)

Was built on oaken
clay (pakhsa)
platform (height is
16m)
Size of the upper
pace is 85х75m
Was cult center

34. Towns of Syrdarya valley

35. Jankent is a capital of Oguzs (VIII-IX, Kazaly area of Kyzylorda region)

36. Jankent settlement

Size 325 х 400m
Vallum was reinforced by semicylindrical towers
There are citadel, homestead, sanctuary