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Elasticity and Its Application
1. Elasticity and Its Application
Chapter 5Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
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2. Elasticity . . .
… is a measure of how much buyers andsellers respond to changes in market
conditions
… allows us to analyze supply and
demand with greater precision.
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3. Price Elasticity of Demand
Priceelasticity of demand is the
percentage change in quantity demanded
given a percent change in the price.
It
is a measure of how much the quantity
demanded of a good responds to a change
in the price of that good.
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4. Determinants of Price Elasticity of Demand
Necessities versus LuxuriesAvailability of Close Substitutes
Definition of the Market
Time Horizon
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5. Determinants of Price Elasticity of Demand
Demand tends to be more elastic :if
the good is a luxury.
the longer the time period.
the larger the number of close substitutes.
the more narrowly defined the market.
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6. Computing the Price Elasticity of Demand
The price elasticity of demand is computedas the percentage change in the quantity
demanded divided by the percentage
change in price.
Percentage Change
in Quantity Demanded
Price Elasticity of Demand =
Percentage Change
in Price
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7. Computing the Price Elasticity of Demand
Price elasticity of demandPercentage change in quatity demanded
Percentage change in price
Example: If the price of an ice cream cone increases
from $2.00 to $2.20 and the amount you buy falls from
10 to 8 cones then your elasticity of demand would be
calculated as:
(10 8 )
100
20 percent
10
2
( 2.20 2.00 )
100 10 percent
2.00
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8. Computing the Price Elasticity of Demand Using the Midpoint Formula
The midpoint formula is preferable whencalculating the price elasticity of demand
because it gives the same answer regardless
of the direction of the change.
(Q2 Q1 )/[(Q 2 Q1 )/2]
Price Elasticity of Demand =
(P2 P1 )/[(P2 P1 )/2]
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9. Computing the Price Elasticity of Demand
(Q2 Q1 )/[(Q 2 Q1 )/2]Price Elasticity of Demand =
(P2 P1 )/[(P2 P1 )/2]
Example: If the price of an ice cream cone increases
from $2.00 to $2.20 and the amount you buy falls from
10 to 8 cones the your elasticity of demand, using the
midpoint formula, would be calculated as:
(10 8)
22 percent
(10 8) / 2
2.32
(2.20 2.00)
9.5 percent
(2.00 2.20) / 2
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10. Ranges of Elasticity
Inelastic DemandQuantity demanded does not respond strongly to
price changes.
Price elasticity of demand is less than one.
Elastic Demand
Quantity demanded responds strongly to changes
in price.
Price elasticity of demand is greater than one.
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11. Computing the Price Elasticity of Demand
(100 - 50)Price
ED
$5
4
Demand
(4.00 - 5.00)
(100 50)/2
(4.00 5.00)/2
67 percent
-3
- 22 percent
Demand is price elastic
0
50
100
Quantity
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12. Ranges of Elasticity
PerfectlyInelastic
Quantity demanded does not respond to price
changes.
Perfectly
Elastic
Quantity demanded changes infinitely with any
change in price.
Unit
Elastic
Quantity demanded changes by the same
percentage as the price.
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13. A Variety of Demand Curves
Because the price elasticityof demand measures how
much quantity demanded
responds to the price, it is
closely related to the slope of
the demand curve.
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14. Perfectly Inelastic Demand - Elasticity equals 0
PriceDemand
$5
1. An
increase
in price... 4
Quantity
100
2. ...leaves the quantity demanded unchanged.
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15. Inelastic Demand - Elasticity is less than 1
Price1. A 22% $5
increase
in price... 4
Demand
Quantity
90 100
2. ...leads to a 11% decrease in quantity.
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16. Unit Elastic Demand - Elasticity equals 1
Price1. A 22% $5
increase
in price... 4
Demand
Quantity
80
100
2. ...leads to a 22% decrease in quantity.
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17. Elastic Demand - Elasticity is greater than 1
Price1. A 22% $5
increase
in price... 4
Demand
Quantity
50
100
2. ...leads to a 67% decrease in quantity.
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18. Perfectly Elastic Demand - Elasticity equals infinity
Price1. At any price
above $4, quantity
demanded is zero.
Demand
$4
2. At exactly $4,
consumers will
buy any quantity.
3. At a price below $4,
quantity demanded is infinite.
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Quantity
19. Elasticity and Total Revenue
Totalrevenue is the amount paid by
buyers and received by sellers of a good.
Computed as the price of the good times
the quantity sold.
TR = P x Q
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20. Elasticity and Total Revenue
Price$4
P x Q = $400
(total revenue)
P
0
Q
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Demand
100
Quantity
21. Elasticity and Total Revenue
With an inelastic demandcurve, an increase in price
leads to a decrease in quantity
that is proportionately
smaller. Thus, total revenue
increases.
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22. Elasticity and Total Revenue: Inelastic Demand
PricePrice
An increase in price
from $1 to $3...
…leads to an increase
in total revenue
from$100 to $240
$3
Revenue = $240
$1
0
Demand
Revenue = $100
100
Quantity
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Demand
0
80
Quantity
23. Elasticity and Total Revenue
With an elastic demand curve,an increase in the price leads to
a decrease in quantity demanded
that is proportionately larger.
Thus, total revenue decreases.
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24. Elasticity and Total Revenue: Elastic Demand
Price…leads to a decrease
in total revenue
from$200 to $100
Price
An increase in price
from $4 to $5...
$5
$4
Demand
Demand
Revenue = $200
0
50
Quantity
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Revenue = $100
0
20
Quantity
25. Computing the Elasticity of a Linear Demand Curve
Price$0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Quantity
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Total Revenue
(Price x
Percent Change
Quantity)
in Price
$0
200%
12
67
20
40
24
29
24
22
20
18
12
15
0
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Percent
Change
in Quantity
15%
18
22
29
40
67
200
Elasticity
0.1
0.3
0.6
1
1.8
3.7
13
Description
Inelastic
Inelastic
Inelastic
Unit elastic
elastic
elastic
elastic
26. Income Elasticity of Demand
Incomeelasticity of demand measures
how much the quantity demanded of a
good responds to a change in consumers’
income.
It is computed as the percentage change
in the quantity demanded divided by the
percentage change in income.
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27. Computing Income Elasticity
Income Elasticity =of Demand
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Percentage Change
in Quantity Demanded
Percentage Change
in Income
28. Income Elasticity - Types of Goods -
Income Elasticity- Types of Goods Normal
Goods
Inferior Goods
Higher income raises the quantity
demanded for normal goods but lowers
the quantity demanded for inferior
goods.
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29. Income Elasticity - Types of Goods -
Income Elasticity- Types of Goods Goods
consumers regard as necessities
tend to be income inelastic
Examples include food, fuel, clothing, utilities,
and medical services.
Goods
consumers regard as luxuries tend
to be income elastic.
Examples include sports cars, furs, and
expensive foods.
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30. Price Elasticity of Supply
Priceelasticity of supply is the percentage
change in quantity supplied resulting
from a percent change in price.
It is a measure of how much the quantity
supplied of a good responds to a change
in the price of that good.
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31. Ranges of Elasticity
PerfectlyElastic
ES =
Relatively Elastic
ES > 1
Unit
Elastic
ES = 1
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32. Ranges of Elasticity
Relatively InelasticES < 1
Perfectly
Inelastic
ES = 0
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33. Perfectly Inelastic Supply - Elasticity equals 0
PriceSupply
$5
1. An
increase
in price... 4
Quantity
100
2. ...leaves the quantity supplied unchanged.
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34. Inelastic Supply - Elasticity is less than 1
PriceSupply
1. A 22% $5
increase
in price... 4
Quantity
100 110
2. ...leads to a 10% increase in quantity.
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35. Unit Elastic Supply - Elasticity equals 1
PriceSupply
1. A 22% $5
increase
in price... 4
Quantity
100
125
2. ...leads to a 22% increase in quantity.
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36. Elastic Supply - Elasticity is greater than 1
PriceSupply
1. A 22% $5
increase
in price...
4
100
200 Quantity
2. ...leads to a 67% increase in quantity.
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37. Perfectly Elastic Supply - Elasticity equals infinity
Price1. At any price
above $4, quantity
supplied is infinite.
Supply
$4
2. At exactly $4,
producers will
supply any quantity.
3. At a price below $4,
quantity supplied is zero.
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Quantity
38. Determinants of Elasticity of Supply
Ability of sellers to change the amount ofthe good they produce.
Beach-front
land is inelastic.
Books, cars, or manufactured goods are
elastic.
Time period.
Supply is more elastic in the long run.
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39. Computing the Price Elasticity of Supply
The price elasticity of supply iscomputed as the percentage change
in the quantity supplied divided by
the percentage change in price.
Percentage Change in
Quantity Supplied
Elasticity of Supply =
Percentage Change
in Price
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40. Application of Elasticity
Cangood news for farming be bad news for
farmers?
What happens to wheat farmers and the market
for wheat when university agronomists discover a
new wheat hybridthat is more productive than
existing varieties?
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41. Application of Elasticity
Examinewhether the supply or demand
curve shifts.
Determine the direction of the shift of the
curve.
Use the supply-and-demand diagram to
see how the market equilibrium changes.
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42. An Increase in Supply in the Market for Wheat
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.An Increase in Supply in the
Market for Wheat
Price of
Wheat
S1
$3
Demand
0
100
Quantity of Wheat
43. An Increase in Supply in the Market for Wheat
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.An Increase in Supply in the
Market for Wheat
Price of
Wheat
1. When demand is inelastic,
an increase in supply...
S1
S2
2. ...leads $3
to a large
2
fall in
price...
Demand
0
100
110
Quantity of Wheat
3. ...and a proportionately smaller
increase in quantity sold. As a result,
revenue falls from $300 to $220.
44. Compute Elasticity
100 - 110ED =
3.00 - 2.00
(100 110)/2
(3.00 2.00)/2
- 0.095
-0.24
0.4
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45. Compute Elasticity
100 - 110ED =
3.00 - 2.00
(100 110)/2
(3.00 2.00)/2
- 0.095
-0.24
0.4
Demand is inelastic
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46. Summary
Priceelasticity of demand measures
how much the quantity demanded
responds to changes in the price.
If a demand curve is elastic, total
revenue falls when the price rises.
If it is inelastic, total revenue rises as
the price rises.
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47. Summary
Theprice elasticity of supply measures
how much the quantity supplied
responds to changes in the price.
In most markets, supply is more elastic
in the long run than in the short run.
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48.
GraphicalReview
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49. Computing the Price Elasticity of Demand
(100 - 50)Price
ED
$5
4
Demand
(4.00 - 5.00)
(100 50)/2
(4.00 5.00)/2
67 percent
-3
- 22 percent
Demand is price elastic
0
50
100
Quantity
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50. Perfectly Inelastic Demand - Elasticity equals 0
PriceDemand
$5
1. An
increase
in price... 4
Quantity
100
2. ...leaves the quantity demanded unchanged.
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51. Inelastic Demand - Elasticity is less than 1
Price1. A 22% $5
increase
in price... 4
Demand
Quantity
90 100
2. ...leads to a 11% decrease in quantity.
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52. Unit Elastic Demand - Elasticity equals 1
Price1. A 22% $5
increase
in price... 4
Demand
Quantity
80
100
2. ...leads to a 22% decrease in quantity.
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53. Elastic Demand - Elasticity is greater than 1
Price1. A 22% $5
increase
in price... 4
Demand
Quantity
50
100
2. ...leads to a 67% decrease in quantity.
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54. Perfectly Elastic Demand - Elasticity equals infinity
Price1. At any price
above $4, quantity
demanded is zero.
Demand
$4
2. At exactly $4,
consumers will
buy any quantity.
3. At a price below $4,
quantity demanded is infinite.
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Quantity
55. Elasticity and Total Revenue
Price$4
P x Q = $400
(total revenue)
P
0
Q
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Demand
100
Quantity
56. Elasticity and Total Revenue: Inelastic Demand
PricePrice
An increase in price
from $1 to $3...
…leads to an increase
in total revenue
from$100 to $240
$3
Revenue = $240
$1
0
Demand
Revenue = $100
100
Quantity
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Demand
0
80
Quantity
57. Elasticity and Total Revenue: Elastic Demand
Price…leads to a decrease
in total revenue
from$200 to $100
Price
An increase in price
from $4 to $5...
$5
$4
Demand
Demand
Revenue = $200
0
50
Quantity
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Revenue = $100
0
20
Quantity
58. Perfectly Inelastic Supply - Elasticity equals 0
PriceSupply
$5
1. An
increase
in price... 4
Quantity
100
2. ...leaves the quantity supplied unchanged.
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59. Inelastic Supply - Elasticity is less than 1
PriceSupply
1. A 22% $5
increase
in price... 4
Quantity
100 110
2. ...leads to a 10% increase in quantity.
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60. Unit Elastic Supply - Elasticity equals 1
PriceSupply
1. A 22% $5
increase
in price... 4
Quantity
100
125
2. ...leads to a 22% increase in quantity.
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61. Elastic Supply - Elasticity is greater than 1
PriceSupply
1. A 22% $5
increase
in price...
4
100
200 Quantity
2. ...leads to a 67% increase in quantity.
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62. Perfectly Elastic Supply - Elasticity equals infinity
Price1. At any price
above $4, quantity
supplied is infinite.
Supply
$4
2. At exactly $4,
producers will
supply any quantity.
3. At a price below $4,
quantity supplied is zero.
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Quantity
63. An Increase in Supply in the Market for Wheat
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.An Increase in Supply in the
Market for Wheat
Price of
Wheat
S1
$3
Demand
0
100
Quantity of Wheat
64. An Increase in Supply in the Market for Wheat
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.An Increase in Supply in the
Market for Wheat
Price of
Wheat
1. When demand is inelastic,
an increase in supply...
S1
S2
2. ...leads $3
to a large
2
fall in
price...
Demand
0
100
110
Quantity of Wheat
3. ...and a proportionately smaller
increase in quantity sold. As a result,
revenue falls from $300 to $220.