Historical geography of the United Kingdom. (Lecture 2)

1.

Lecture 2
HISTORICAL
GEOGRAPHY OF
THE UNITED
KINGDOM

2.

PLAN
1.England.
2.Wales.
3.Scotland.

3.

4.Ireland.
5.Oversees
colonies.
6.Decolonisation.

4.

5.

1. England.

6.

3000 - 2000 BC Stonehenge was built.

7.

500 - 100 BC
the Celts
• from the central
Europe
• farmers and
warriors
• pagans
• governed by
priests called
Druids

8.

the 40s AD the Romans.

9.

Caledonia
Londinnium

10.

Hadrian’s
wall

11.

Albion
the white cliffs
of Dover
a Greco-Roman word for the
inhabitants of the islands – “Pretani”,
the Romans called the island
“Britannia”.

12.

Roman influence
1) Founded many cities
2)Introduced Christianity
3)Their words survived in
many spheres of life

13.

The Romans united
the territories of
modern England and
Wales as one
province!!!

14.

Around 400 AD
The barbaric people
threatened the Roman
Empire
The Romans left the British
Islands

15.

Germanic tribes form the continent
around 400
AD
Angles
Saxons
Jutes

16.

7 Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms
The Heptarchy:
• Northumbria
• Mercia
• East Anglia
• Essex
• Wessex
• Kent
• Sussex

17.

the 9th century the Viking invasions
• pagan tribes
from the north
of Europe
(Denmark,
Norway,
Sweden)

18.

Established
the
Danelaw
the Viking
Kingdom of
York

19.

the late 9th early 10th
century Wessex
conquered the
Danelaw and
York and
unified
England

20.

The dominating tribe –
the Saxons (Germanic
people)
Germanic stems in
modern English

21.

the 11th century
the Norman
invasion
William, Duke of
Normandy
Edward the
Confessor

22.

14 October
1066
the Battle
of
Hastings

23.

The
Normans
The
Saxons

24.

King
Harold was
killed
His army
lost the
battle

25.

Christmas
day 1066
William was
crowned as
king at
Westminster
Abbey.

26.

Norman influence:
1) Anglo-Saxon nobility
was replaces by the
Norman nobility.

27.

2) 3 languages:
•Norman-French – literature +
nobility
•Latin – the government and the
church
•Anglo-Saxon – common people

28.

Up to 1204
the Kings
of England
also
controlled
Normandy.

29.

England held on to the
Channel Islands (Guernsey,
Jersey).

30.

2. Wales.

31.

The many kingdoms comprising
Wales were first united under
one king in the 11th century.
In 1282 England annexed Wales.

32.

And in 1301 the tradition
of heir to English throne
being given the title of
Prince of Wales began.

33.

1455 - 1485 the houses of Lancaster and
York, were fighting for the throne of
England.
The Wars of the Roses
York’s white
rose
Lancaster’s red
rose

34.

in 1485 a relatively
remote Lancastrian
relative, Henry Tudor
defeated the last
Yorkist king Richard III
started the new royal
dynasty, the House of
Tudor (married
Elizabeth of York,
Richard’s niece)

35.

Henry Tudor or Henry VII was
half Welsh and his family ruled
England and Wales until 1603.

36.

1536 the Act of Union
officially annexed Wales
to England
Welsh law was fully
replaced by English law.

37.

3. Scotland.

38.

Its geography
(highland and
plain) made
this country
difficult to
control from
London.

39.

Attempts to
annex
Scotland led
to national
liberation
uprisings.

40.

In 1296 king
Edward I envaded
Scotland and stole
the Scottish Stone
of Destiny on which
according to the
legend all Scottish
kings must sit.

41.

The Scottish
coronation
stone remained
at Westminster
Abbey until it
was returned to
Scotland in
1996.

42. The

Attempts
to
return
Scottish
The
independence in the 15ht and
th
16 century failed.
Constant conflicts on the
Scottish-English border.

43.

Scotland still had its own
king and queen.
The Scottish royal family, the
Stuarts, were related to the
English royals, the Tudors,
through marriage.

44.

the 16th century Henry VIII
6 wives
1491-1547

45.

46. Henry’s reforms:

Conflict with the Pope about his
divorce
Broke up with the Roman church
Proclaimed himself the Head of the
Church
Started the Anglican church

47.

Henry’s son
Edward VI
1537-1553

48.

Queen Mary I of
England.
A Catholic.
Killed a lot
protestants
of
Her sister
Elizabeth I
illegitimate
Bloody Mary
child
She
died
A
Protestant
childless
in
November 1558.

49.

Mary
Stuart,
queen of ScottsHenry VIII's great
niece.
a constant threat
for Elizabeth’s
throne
accused of
treason, arrested
and beheaded

50.

Elizabeth I died
childless
in 1603 Mary Stuart's
son, became James I
of England.
•A new dynasty started – the
dynasty of the Stuarts.

51.

A Union of Crowns, a situation
when England, Scotland and
Ireland were sovereign states, with
one monarch.

52.

Acts of Union of 1707 during
the reign of the last Stuart
monarch, Queen Anne:
the English and Scottish
parliaments were replaced by a
combined Parliament of Great
Britain;
a full economic union,
replacing the Scottish systems
of currency, taxation and laws
regulating trade.

53.

The flag of the Kingdom
of Scotland.
The flag of the Kingdom
of England.
Union Flag used in the Kingdom of England from 1606-1707

54.

4. Ireland.

55.

In the early 11th century Ireland
was also ruled by one king, Brian
Boru, who was also later killed in
battle.
• In 1171 the English
monarch Henry II
proclaimed himself
Lord of Ireland.

56.

In the 17th century
Ireland was
completely colonized
by the English.

57.

The most
effectively
colonization
went in the
north, in
Ulster.

58.

In 1801 it merged with
the Kingdom of Great
Britain to form
the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and
Ireland.

59.

60.

At the beginning
of the 20th century
Irish liberation
movement achieved
success.

61.

In 1920 Ireland
was divided into
Irish Free State
and Northern
Ireland;
the United
Kingdom of
Great Britain
and Northern
Ireland

62.

5. English Oversees
Colonies.

63. North America

64.

1492 Christopher Columbus
discovered America.
1496 King Henry VII of
England sent British ships to
the new lands.
They reached the coast
of Newfoundland.

65.

The 1580s the 1st
English
settlements in
America
In the 18th century
the British
colonies occupied
the territories
along the Atlantic
coast and around
Hudson Bay.

66.

during the 1760s and early 1770s
relations between the Thirteen
Colonies and Britain became
increasingly complicated,
the British Parliament tried to
govern and tax American colonists
without their agreement (they
were not represented in the British
Parliament).

67.

Boston Tea
Party
December 16, 1773
the Americans revolted
against tea tax and
through all chests of
tea from ships into
Boston Harbor.

68.

The American Revolution
In response Britain sent the
army to control the colonies and
in 1775 the War for
Independence started.
In 1776, the United States
declared independence.

69. Australia

70.

1606 the western
coast of Australia
were 1st discovered
by the Dutch and
named New Holland
1770 James Cook
discovered the
eastern coast of
Australia, claimed
the continent for
Britain,
He named it New
South Wales.

71.

Up to 1840 the
British sent their
criminals to New
South Wales to
reform them.
In 1839 colonies in
New Zealand were
established

72. India

73.

In 1858 Queen
Victoria was
crowned the
Empress of India.
"the Jewel in the
Crown"

74.

1815 - 1914 around
26,000,000 km2 of territory
and roughly 400 million
people were added to the
British Empire

75.

76.

6. Decolonisation.

77.

Between 1945 and 1965 most of
the former British colonies were
given independence.

78.

The number of people
under British rule outside
the UK itself fell from
700 million to 5 million,
3 million of whom were in
Hong Kong.

79.

the Commonwealth of Nations
a non-political, voluntary
association of 53 equal member
A map of the world, highlighting the member states of the Commonwealth
(dark blue)

80.

81.

Queen Elizabeth II
• the Head of the
Commonwealth
• the monarch of
16 members of the
Commonwealth
(realms)
• Australia,
Canada, Jamaica,
New Zealand, etc.

82.

The Commonwealth realms, shown in blue.
Former Commonwealth realms are shown in red

83.

The Commonwealth
29,958,050 square km (a
quarter of the world land area),
spans all the continents.
population of 2.245 billion, (a
third of the world
population).