Kazakhstan on the way to Independence: the phase of development and nationbuilding ideas

1. INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

HISTORY OF KAZAKHSTAN
lecture #01 :
Introduction
Kazakhstan on the way to Independence:
the phase of development and nationbuilding ideas
Zulfiya Abdikhalikovna
Meldibekova
historian scientist

2. : Per iodization

1.
History of Ancient Kazakhstan
2. History of Medieval Kazakhstan
3.
New History of Kazakhstan
4. Newest History

3. History of Ancient Kazakhstan

Stone Age:
Paleolithic period, Mesolithic, Neolithic
Bronze Age:
Andronov’s and Begazy-Dandybaev’s cultures
Metal (Iron) Age:
Sacks, other Tribal Unions

4. History of medieval Kazakhstan

Early medieval history (6-9 cc):
Turkic period- Khaganates
Prosperity or Golden age (10-14cc):
Mongolian invasion, history of post-Mongolian
period, foundation of Hordes
Late-medieval period(15-18cc):
formation of Kazakh Khandom, Kazakh Khans,
Dzungar’s invasions

5. New history of Kazakhstan

Joining of Kazakhstan to Russia,
colonial policy of Tsarist on the
territory of Kazakhstan
National – liberation movements
against Russian policy
Administrative reforms

6. Newest history

Soviet period in history of
Kazakhstan:
revolutions, policy of Soviet power,
II WW, post-war period,
stagnation, perestroika or
reconstruction, collapse of USSR
Independent Kazakhstan

7. HISTORICAL PRECONDITIONS ADMINISTRATION REFORM

Economic:
1. The development of local industry
2. The development of fisheries (fishing, salt extraction)
3. The development of the mining industry
(Non-ferrous metals, Coal)
4. extension trade with Middle Asian Khanate,Siberia,
China
5. The appearance of new cities: Petropavlovsk
(Kyzylzhar), Akmolinsk, Uralsk (Teke),Semipalatinsk
(Semey), Buhtarma (Buktyrma),Orenburg(Orynbor)
Omsk (Omby)

8. HISTORICAL PRECONDITIONS

POLITICAL:
1. The adaptation to the needs of the economy of Kazakhstan for
Economic Development of the Russian Empire.
2. The participation of Kazakhs in the peasant war pp Pugachev.
3. Rise of Syrym Datov
4. The weakness of the Khan's power, its anti-people policies.
Khan's power does not provide for the royal policy.
5. The political fragmentation of the Middle and Junior Zhuzes
6. The emergence of opposition, opposed the colonial policy
(Karatay in Sultan Junior Zhuz)
7. Notes the process of increasing political dependence on Russia
to Kazakh zhuzes

9. HISTORICAL PRECONDITIONS

Social
Changing social structure (public sentiment), ie a set of
classes and social groups:
Kazakhs worked in the mining industry
Kazakhs worked in small industries
Zhataki, they increased from 6.5 thousand (1820.) - 8.4
thousand (1824).(Othodniki- seasonal workers).
Kazakhs are involved in agriculture.
Kazakhs protecting transit caravan routes.

10. Steps of joining of Kazakhs to Russia

1848
1864-65
1734
(1748)
1731
–joining of Senior Zhuz
the last stage of joining
- Joining of Middle Zhuz to Russia
- joining of Junior Zhuz to Russia

11. 1864 joining of Senior Zhuz

12. Kazakhstan in first half of XIX c

13. Kazakhstan in Russian Empire

14. the main reforms

1822
1824
1867 – 1868
Middle Zhuz
Junior Zhuz
The main part of Kazakhstan
General governor of
Siberia М. М. Speransky
General governor of
Orenburg P.K.Essen
Member of Council Ministry of
Internal affairs F.K. Girs
years
Place of reform
Author of reform
«Rules of Siberian
Kirgizes»
The name of
official document
okrug
System of
administrative
dividing
Volost
Aul
8 external
okrugs
10- 12
auls
50 – 70
кибиток
«Rules of Orenburg
Kirgizes»
East- Middle-West
okrugs
From 1831 –dividing of
okrugs into distances (54)
The Provisional Statute on the
Administration of the Semirechie
and Syrdarya Oblast, July 11,1867
the Provisional Statute on the
Administration of Turgai,
Akmolinsk, Uralsk, and
Semipalatinsk Oblasts, October 21,
1868
Turkestan Orenburg
West
Siberian
General-governors
Governors-oblasts-uezd-volostaul

15. the main reforms

years
System of administrative
management
1822
In head of okrugs – Prikaz –
the elder sultan.
Volost headed by volostnoy
sultan
Auls headed by – auls’
elder, elected till 3 years
1824
Khans’ power abolished.
In head of okrugs - sultansrulers.
Distances headed by chief.
Auls headed by - – auls’
elder
1867 – 1868
Civil and military powers
were concentrated in
general-governors appointed
by Emperor
Oblasts were headed by
military governors.
Rulers of uezd appointed
from officers
Rulers of volost and elder of
aul appointed from nobility

16. Resettlement policy of the Tsarist government in Kazakhstan in XIX - early XX centuries

THE OBJECTIVES OF THE RESETTLEMENT POLICY
Loosen amplified in the central regions of
Russian peasant unrest
Provide the remaining peasants without
land by fertile plots in remote regions
Increase the number of displaced people in
remote regions, to grow in their
environment rich kulaks, ready to stand up
for the interests of the Empire

17. STAGES RESETTLEMENT POLICY

X٧III – XIX cc Resettlement in the Kazakh land Cossack troops
60 th of XIX Start of resettlement of Russian peasants from the central regions
of Russia in Kazakhstan
70th. Of XIX Mass migration to the Kazakh lands Russian, Ukrainian,
Belarusian peasants. Especially large flow of migrants went to
Zhetysu
1881 – 1885 Resettlement in Zhetysu Uighur and Dungan
1893 – 1896
The mass migration of peasants in connection with the
construction of the Siberian railway
1825 – 1917
Resettlement in Kazakhstan representatives of democratic
movements who were exiled to remote areas of the country
1904 – 1906 In connection with the adoption of the Law "On the voluntary
resettlement of rural inhabitants and petty bourgeoisie landowners' new wave of migration from the central regions of
Russia
1906 – 1911 The resettlement of peasants on the outskirts of the central

18. Socio - economic, political and demographic consequences of migration policy

Accelerate the process of penetration of capitalist
relations in the economic life of the region. Formed
commodity production;
Appears private ownership of land, spread a sedentary life
in the village;
In the northern regions of Kazakhstan, where a crowded
emigrant flow was directed, becomes dominant farming;
Accelerate the social stratification of the Kazakh Shaura.
Part Shaura who settled near the cities or Russian
settlements, began to get involved in the market;
Democrats commoners, exiled to Kazakhstan, have played
a huge role in the study region, the formation of world
scientists, educators of the masses of the Kazakh

19. consequences of migration policy

Between locals and settlers occurred exchange of skills
and abilities of farming in the steppe, desert and arid
regions. At the same time the tsarist resettlement
policy has led to a drastic restriction of the rights of
indigenous peoples:
Kazakhs were removed and transferred to the use of
displaced millions of dessiatines of the best land
• intensified the colonial policy of the tsarist
• Limit the spread of Islam in the Kazakh steppes
gradually, but the share of the non-indigenous
population in the region has steadily increased
• The number of social conflicts increased significantly
on an ethnic basis

20. CONCLUSION

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Humanity exists more 2,5 million years;
Humanity develops from primitive herd to form of
STATE;
THE FIRST STATES ON THE TERRITORY OF
KAZAKHSTAN APPEARED IN 5 CENTURY
KAZAKH KHANATE FORMED IN 1465-1466
KAZAKH KHANDOM LOST INDEPENDENCE IN
18 CENTURY
IN xx CENTURY WAS DECLARED SOVIET POWER
ON THE TERRITORY OF KAZAKHSTAN