FTEJerez. Pre-flight briefings

1.

Main menu
Ex.
Title
Ex.
Title
1
Effects of Controls
29
Instrument flying & GH
2
Straight and Level
31
VFR navigation
3
Climbing, descending & turning 1
33
Instrument flying & GH
4
Climbing, descending & turning 2
36
VFR navigation
5
Stalling 1
49
Instrument flying
6
Stalling 2
50
Instrument flying
7
Stalling 3
57
Holding
8
Circuits
64
NDB approach
9
Circuits
65
VOR approach
19
Steep turns & PFLs
91
Night familiarisation
20
Steep turns, PFLs & radio nav.
23
GH and VFR navigation
26
Instrument flying
Long briefings
28
VFR navigation
Multi-engine briefings
Click on the desired briefing name/sub-menu to display it

2.

Effects of Controls – Ex 1
V1.2
Aims:
1) To learn the effects of the controls
2) To learn how to select an attitude and trim
Considerations: Strapping in, seat adjustment, air-sickness
T.E.M
Threat
UAS
Countermeasure
Busy airspace
Loss of separation
Lookout
Not knowing who has control
Loss of control
Handover of control
Overstress
Flap damage
Check limits before operation
Air Exercise:1) Start and taxy – us
8) Effects of power & airspeed on trimmed state
2) Take off/Depart – me
Increase power
Increase speed
3) Teach Datum Attitude
Elev: Fwd
Elev: Fwd
4) Effects of controls
T
Rud: Left
Rud: Right
Primary Secondary
R
Speed
Elevator Pitch
I
Roll
Rudder Yaw
Decrease
power
Decrease
speed
Spiral dive
M
Yaw
Ailerons Roll
Elev: Back
Elev: Back
Golden rules
Rud: Left
5) Effects of airspeed
Rud: Right
1) Be smooth
High
Low
9) Combined effects on the trimmed state
2) Effect
Elevator
Firm
Light
Immediate T
Subsequent
T
continues until
Rudder
and
and
Elevator
Rudder
IAS
Elevator
Rudder
R
R
Ailerons
Effective
less effective control
Reduce
Pwr
Left
Back
Back
Right
centralised
I
I
6) Effects of slipstream
Right
Increase Pwr Fwd
Fwd Left
3) Effect is as you
M
M
Fast
Slow
see it
10)
Effects
of
Flap
(Vfe
)
103kts
Elevator
Firm/
Sloppy/
4) Effect is
Lift Nose Elevator Drag IAS Elevator
Rudder
Effective less effective
proportional to
0 - 10
Fwd T
Back T
Ailerons
Unaffected
control
10 - 25
Fwd R
Back R
7) Trimming
displacement
Fwd
25 - 40
Back
I
Back
Fwd I
40 - 25
1) Natural sense
Fwd M
Back M
25 - 10
2) Coarse then fine
Fwd
10 - 0
Back
3) Stick select attitude, trim relieve pressure
11) RTB - Us

3.

Straight and Level – Ex 2
V1.2
Aims:
1) To learn how to fly straight and level in balance at cruise speed
2) To learn how to fly straight and level at selected and varying airspeeds
3) To learn how to fly straight and level with flaps
Considerations: Power + Attitude = Performance
T.E.M
Threat
Aircraft unserviceability
Low oil state
Busy training area
UAS
Getting airborne with a system fault
Continuing flight with a system fault
Engine failure
Loss of separation
Countermeasure
Pre-flight checks
FECCAL checks
Thorough external checks
Lookout / clock code
Air Exercise:1) Start and taxy – you
4) Maintaining S & L at various airspeeds
2) Take off & depart – us
Immediate T
Subsequent
T
3) Revision – Datum Attitude and Trimming
Elevator Rudder IAS VSI Attitude
R
R
3) Straight & level – Demo
Decrease
Power
Back Left
4) Straight and Level
I
I
Increase
Power
Fwd
Right
Entry
M
M
Power – Cruise power
5) Maintaining S & L at selected airspeeds
Pitch attitude – Level datum
Technique as above
Wings – Level
POWER:
Ball – Centred
Corrections
>20 kts Full / Idle – anticipate by 5 kts
TRIM – pitch and rudder
1. Reselect Straight & Level Attitude
<20kts
100rpm = 5 kts
Maintain
2. Note errors in HDG/Altitude
Level
6) Maintaining S & L using flap
3. Change – attitude
Straight
Lookout
Lift Nose T Drag IAS Nose T
4. Hold until HDG/Altitude corrected
R
R
Attitude
0 - 25
5. Reselect Straight & Level & Trim
Altimeter
HSI Instruments
I
I
VSI
Ball
If 2 errors:
M
M
Slow safe cruise: 75 kts, 250 flap, 2000 rpm
a) Correct 1 at a time
L-A-I is the VISUAL SCAN
b) Most important error first
7) RTB - Us

4.

Climbing, Descending & Turning 1 – Ex 3
Aims:
V1.2
1) To learn how to enter and maintain a climb at Vy ( 80kts) and descend at the recommended
gliding speed (75kts) and level off at a specific altitude back to cruise IAS ( 105kts)
2) To learn how to fly medium level turns ( 300 AOB ) and roll out onto a specific heading
Considerations: Poor view, Side by side seating
T.E.M
Threat
UAS
Countermeasure
Carb heat/Engine warming
Engine failure
Carb Icing / Power loss
Exceeding engine limits
Engine damage/failure
FPC, monitor Ts & Ps
Misunderstanding/not
Confliction with another aircraft
Write them down, “Say again”
remembering ATC clearances
5) Medium level turns
Air Exercise:1) Start and taxy – You
Demo: Note Attitude
2) Take off – I teach
Airspeed
3) Departure - Us
Back pressure
4) Climbing & Descending
Entry
Lookout
Climbing
Descending
Bank - ailerons
Entry
Balance - rudder
FPC Lookout Weave, C/Heat On
Back pressure - elevator
Corrections
Full Power
Idle
Change
Maintain
Nose
Check
Lookout
Right Rudder
Left
Hold
Attitude
Trim pitch and balance
Inst. AI, Altimeter
Trim
Corrections
Maintain
Climbing Levelling off Descending
Change Correct bank angle first
(Weave) Lookout
Anticipate by 10% VSI
Check
Attitude Engine warm
Hold
FPC
Attitude
ASI
ASI
Power
Roll out
Trim
Inst.
Anticipate by 1/3 bank angle
HSI
HSI
Attitude
Power
Controls as entry
Trim
Trim
Lookout to outside of turn
6) RTB - You

5.

Climbing/Descending & Turning 2 – Ex 4
Aims:
V1.2
1) To learn the effects of power & flap on climbing and descending performance
2) To learn how to do climbing & descending turns
3) To learn the specific and non-specific aiming point techniques
4) To learn how to do a go-around
Considerations: Relevance to circuit
T.E.M
Threat
Brakes / Steering failure
Crosswind on takeoff
Wrong QNH set
UAS
Loss of control
Going off the runway side
Reduced terrain clearance / IMC CFIT
Air Exercise:1) SUTTO & departure – you
2) Climbing/climbing turns
Vx = 65 kts
Vy = 80 kts
Cruise = 90 kts
3) Effect of power & flaps
00 100
75 kts
250
400
1700 2000 Full
4) Non-specific aiming point
Attitude sets speed
Power controls rate of descent
Used when: Base leg
5) Specific aiming point
Attitude controls descent
Power controls airspeed
Used when: Final
00
Countermeasure
Brake check / drills
Crosswind takeoff technique
ATIS / Set correct QNH
6) Go-around
Full power
Rudder
Raise nose to select Vy attitude
Drag flap away: 40 0 to 250 flap
Check: 65 kts, >200ft AGL, +ve ROC
Flaps up
7) Stalling demo
8) Cruise descent & descending turns
9) RTB for glidepath demo
250
Speed high during approach?
Aiming point moved!
Dangerous – Why?
Go-around

6.

Stalling 1 – Ex 5
Aims:
V1.2
1) To learn how to recognise and recover from fully developed and incipient clean stalls
with minimum height loss
2) To practice a visual circuit in the training area
3) To introduce basic map reading
Considerations: Reasons for the stall
T.E.M
Threat
UAS
Countermeasure
Stalling the aircraft
Possibility of a spin
Stall symptom recognition / Correct SSR
HASELL checks
Limited aircraft control
Limited manoeuvrability
Incipient recovery
Excessive height loss in stall Insufficient altitude to recover
Air Exercise:
1) SUTTO & departure – you
2) Stalling
HASEL
Look
Height loss demonstration
Out
Entry
Stick unstalls wing
Incipient / full power
Close throttle
Power reduces height loss
Note
Maintain altitude
Full / full power
height
Symptoms
loss
INCIPIENT STAGE FULLY DEVELOPED
IAS
Heavy buffet
Full / no power
Nose drops
Std Stall Recovery (SSR)
Nose
(Wing drop)
Stick centrally forward
Sloppy controls
High
R.O.D
4) Practice circuit – training area
Full power
Stall warner
Light buffet
Correct yaw with rudder
Downwind: 95kts, 2300 rpm, 2500ft
(Wings level)
Base: 75kts, 1500 rpm, 25 0 flap, non-specific
Raise nose to Vy attitude
3) Incipient recovery
Final: 1700 rpm, 65kts, 40 0 flap, specific aiming point
When? At first sign of stall
Go-around: 1500ft
How? SSR
5) RTB – Navigation with map - Us

7.

Stalling 2 – Ex 6
Aims:
V1.2
1) To recognise and recover from a stall with flap and power selected
2) To learn how flap and power affect stalling characteristics
3) To learn how to recover from a spiral dive
Considerations: Reasons for the stall, spin and spiral dive
T.E.M
Threat
UAS
Countermeasure
Insufficient altitude to recover
Stall symptom recognition / correct SSR
Stall in the circuit
Correct slow flight technique
Loss of control at low speed Possibility of a spin
Fire (Engine, Cabin, Electrical) Damage/destruction of aircraft Symptom recognition / correct drills
Air Exercise:
1) SUTTO & departure – you
5) Base turn stall
2) Revision of clean stall and SSR
HASEL
3) Effects of power and flap on a stall
Lookout 1500 rpm
Rate of
Attitude
IAS for
IAS for
Wing
speed
at 60kts
stall
stall
drop
250 flap
s
t
Recover at 1 sign
reduction
warner
SSR
Clean
Note
Hold Vy attitude
Power Slower
Slower
Higher
Slower
More
Check:
Slower
Flap
Faster
Lower
Slower
More
>=65kts, +ve ROC, >200ft AGL
Slowest Slowest
Most
Both
As per clean
Flap 00
4) Final approach stall
6) Stall in manoeuvre
HASEL
Lookout
Recover at 1s t sign
SSR
Hold Vy attitude
Flap 250
Check:
>=65kts, +ve ROC,
>200ft AGL
Flap 00
1500 rpm
250 flap
Full
Flap
1500 rpm
Maintain altitude
7) Recovery from a spiral dive
Close throttle
Roll wings level
Pitch up smoothly to level attitude
Recover to straight and level flight
8) RTB - You

8.

Aims:
Stalling 3 – Ex 7
V1.1
1) To consolidate the stall recovery techniques taught on exercises 5 & 6
2) To learn how to recover from stalls in manoeuvre and in the climb
3) To gain experience at flying the aircraft safely at low speed
Considerations: Lookout, engine management, Vs0, Vs1
T.E.M
Threat
UAS
Countermeasure
Correct drills / Knowledge of SOPs
Loss of communications
Potential conflict with
Hold procedures at E / W
No clearance to join circuit
another aircraft
Radio calls in the correct place
Radio calls in the wrong place
Air Exercise:
1) SUTTO & departure – you
4) Emergency drills
2) Revision of basic and advanced stalls
Engine fire in the air
3) Slow flight
Emergency descent
Straight & level @ Vs +5, +10
Reduce power
5) Engine assisted approach and landing
Maintain altitude
Power - anticipate by 5kts
Maintain balance
Trim
Climbing at Vs +5, +10
Symptoms
Power – increase
Higher nose attitude
Attitude – Raise nose, maintain speed
Sloppy, less responsive controls
Rudder – Maintain balance
More power required at slower speed Descending @ Vs +5, +10
Too low
Too high
Further speed reduction causes
Power – decrease
stall symptoms
Attitude – Lower nose, maintain speed
Aspect
Rudder
–
Maintain
balance
Turning @ Vs +5, +10
Aiming point
Maintain lookout
Airspeed
Power – slightly increase
(Ball)
Attitude – Small angle of bank
Co-ordinate rudder

9.

Aims:
V1.1
Circuits – Ex 8
1) To learn how to fly a normal circuit and land safely
2) To learn how to deal with an engine failure on takeoff (EFATO)
Considerations: Aircraft separation, wind
T.E.M
Threat
UAS
Countermeasure
Forced landing
Takeoff brief, correct actions
EFATO
Lookout / listen out / comply with ATC
Conflict with instrument traffic
Hold East / West procedure / Orbit
Go-around
Under/overshoot
Unstable approach
Wrong QNH
Learn / know the checks
Incorrect pre-landing checks
Air Exercise:
1) SUTTO – you
2) Normal circuit and
powered approach
Too
RT: Callsign, “Downwind” + intentions
Reduce power (1500 rpm approx)
Correct
close
(abeam threshold). Otherwise: “Late downwind”
Flap 250 : IAS 75 kts
Too
Descend maintain approach path
wide
Circuit: 1000ft QNH
IAS 95 kts (2300 rpm)
Final approach
checks
Turn crosswind
at 500ft AGL
Vref: 60kts
Flaps 400
Power: 1700-1800 RPM
RT call
Speed: MIN Vref + 5kt MAX Vref + 10kt
Rotate 55kts
Go-around >200ft AGL
Check:
Full power
Positive ROC
Prevent yaw
Speed >65kts
Select Vy attitude
Flap 00, level off at circuit altitude
CLIMB STRAIGHT AHEAD UNLESS INSTRUCTED OTHERWISE

10.

V1.1
Circuits – Ex 8
Aims:
1) To learn how to fly a normal circuit and land safely
2) To learn how to deal with an engine failure on takeoff (EFATO)
Considerations: Aircraft separation, wind
T.E.M
Threat
UAS
Countermeasure
Forced landing
Takeoff brief, correct actions
EFATO
Lookout / listen out / comply with ATC
Conflict with instrument traffic
Hold East / West procedure / Orbit
Go-around
Under/overshoot
Unstable approach
Wrong QNH
Learn / know the checks
Incorrect pre-landing checks
Air Exercise:
Flare and landing
1) SUTTO – you
2) Normal circuit and
powered approach
Specific aiming point technique
Too low
Pitch up
Power up
LOOKUP from aiming
point to horizon
Simultaneously:
Stick smoothly back
Too high
Fully close throttle
Pitch down
Power down Raise nose to stop
descent
Reset power and attitude
when aspect and aim point are correct
Aspect
Aiming point
Airspeed – 65 kts
Continue to slowly
raise
nose attitude to fly
just
above runway
Aircraft will continue a
gentle descent
LANDING ATTITUDE
ON TOUCHDOWN
MAINTAIN:
Stick position
Centreline with
rudder
Touch & go
Maintain centreline, flap up and trim neutral
Smoothly apply full power, rudder to maintain centreline

11.

V1.1
Circuits – Ex 8
Air Exercise (contd.):
3) Engine failure after takeoff
Lower nose to glide attitude (75 kts)
If sufficient runway remains – lower full flap and land
If insufficient runway remains:
Select a suitable landing area to the front
If time permits, MAYDAY call, crash checks
Glide approach to landing
Golden rules
Do not turn back to the runway
Try to land into wind at the slowest safe speed
Maintain control of the aircraft until it comes to rest
Vy attitude
Glide attitude

12.

Aims:
1) To revise normal circuits and landings and EFATO drills
2) To learn how to fly a flapless approach and landing
3) To learn how to fly a glide approach and landing
Considerations: Aircraft separation, wind
T.E.M
Threat
UAS
Depart
side of runway
Crosswind
Overshoot
Flap failure
Loss of separation
Confliction with another aircraft
Air Exercise:
1) SUTTO – you
2) Flapless circuit and
approach
Reduce power idle
Flap 00 : IAS 75 kts
Descend maintain approach path
V1.1
Circuits – Ex 9
Too
close
Correct
Too
wide
Countermeasure
Correct technique
Flapless circuit
Lookout / Extend upwind / Go-around
RT: Callsign, “Downwind” + intentions
(abeam threshold). Otherwise: “Late downwind”
Circuit: 1000ft QNH
IAS 95 kts (2300 rpm)
Final approach
checks
Flaps 00
Power: as required
Maintain higher nose attitude on final
RT call
Speed: MIN Vref + 5kt MAX Vref + 10kt
Turn crosswind
at 500ft AGL
Vref: 65 kts
Rotate 55kts
Landing
Smaller change in attitude required – already in landing attitude

13.

V1.1
Circuits – Ex 9
Air Exercise (contd.):
3) Glide circuit and approach
Too
close
Correct
Too
wide
RT: Callsign, “Downwind” + intentions
(abeam threshold). Otherwise: “Late downwind”
Close throttle when
certain of reaching IAP
IAS 75 kts
Circuit: 1000ft QNH
IAS 95 kts (2300 rpm)
Turn crosswind
at 500ft AGL
Adjust flightpath
as required to
achieve IAP
Maintain
75kts
IAP
When certain of IAP
Flap 250 & 400 as reqd to bring
touchdown point closer to
threshold Maintain
75kts
Rotate 55kts
Vref: 70 kts
Higher ROD : 2 stage round out required
Commence round out slightly higher than normal
1) Select normal approach attitude (reduces ROD)
2) Then continue as for normal landing

14.

Aims:
Steep turns & PFLs – Ex 19
V1.1
1) To learn how to fly level steep turns ( 450 AOB ) onto specific headings
2) To learn how to fly the pattern for a forced landing without power
Considerations: Causes of power loss, emergency drills, suitable landing areas, 6 x S
T.E.M
Threat
UAS
Countermeasure
Steep turn / better lookout
Aircraft on collision course
Loss of separation
Correct drills / Good choice of landing area
Forced landing
Engine fire
Correct PFL pattern
Spiral dive
Loss of control / overstress Correct handling technique / spiral dive recovery
Air Exercise:
3) Practice Force Landing
1) SUTTO & departure – you
1) Commence glide at high key position ( 75kts )
2) Level steep turns
Select field
2) Fly upwind until IAP appears behind wing
Consider wind & 6 x S
Demo: Note Attitude
trailing edge - turn crosswind
Rate of turn
Select IAP ⅓ into field
3) Fly crosswind until IAP is just ahead of tailplane
Power
Plan
circuit
pattern
- turn downwind
Back pressure
Entry
Lookout
Enter MLT
Passing 300 AOB
inc pwr approx 4) Continue until IAP
Bank - ailerons
appears behind
Balance - rudder 100-150rpm
Increase back pressure - elevator wing trailing edge
Crash checks
Maintain
Low key:
Lookout
Abeam IAP
High key:
Attitude
1500ft AGL
Close abeam
Inst. AI, Altimeter, ASI
Corrections
IAP 3000ft AGL
5) Start constant
Change Correct bank angle first
SLA turn
Check
6) Flaps as reqd.
1000ft checks
Hold
to bring aiming
Roll out
point forward
Anticipate by 1/3 bank angle
1000ft AGL
Controls as entry
Reduce power to cruise as rollout begins
Engine warming at least every 1000ft
Lookout to outside of turn

15.

Aims:
Steep turns & PFLs – Ex 20
V1.1
1) To learn how to fly descending steep turns onto specific headings
2) To consolidate the technique for a forced landing without power
3) To learn the lost procedure
T.E.M
Threat
UAS
Countermeasure
Awareness of suitable landing areas
Engine failure at low level
Insufficient height for forced landing
Loss of control or overstress
Correct handling / Spiral dive recov.
Spiral dive
Running out of fuel
Lost procedure / Radio aids fix
Air Exercise: Getting lost
4) PFL’s FLY THE AIRCRAFT
1) SUTTO & departure – you
Carry out drill – configure glide
2) Revise steep level turns & spiral dive reco.
Engine fire / Mechanical failure
3) Steep descending turns
Fire not out – emergency descent
Entry Glide – 75kts
Full flap, 95kts
Lookout
Power loss (or fire extinguished)
IAS +5kts for each 10 0 >300
Unable to restart – select a landing area
Bank
<2500ft AGL, turn downwind
Lower nose to increase speed
Plan pattern to reach 1000ft area
Maintain
High
Low
Lookout
Cut
corners
Widen
pattern
Attitude
Orbit
Fly direct to 1000ft area
Inst. AI, ASI
Sideslip
‘S’
turns
Corrections
Crash drills when convenient
Change Correct bank angle first
Warm engine at least every 1000ft
Check
5) Lost procedure Use the checklist
Hold
Circle of uncertainty
Roll out
3nm radius per 6mins since last known position
Anticipate roll out by 20 0
Centred on area you expect to be in
Controls as entry
Radio navigation aids position fix using RMI & DME
Lookout to outside of turn
Note VOR radial using RMI tail
Select
4) Recovery from spiral dive Rapid speed increase
Note DME reading, aircraft heading and time
Identify
Close throttle
Danger of reaching
Plot radial & distance line on map
Display
Vne and RPM limit
Roll wings level
Determine current aircraft position – allow for
time flown since time of fix
Pitch up smoothly to level attitude
Increase power (not above 110kts)

16.

Aims:
Instrument Flying – Ex 26
V1.1
1) To learn the instrument indications and limitations 2) To learn the Selective Radial Scan
3) To learn how to fly on instruments using the correct scan technique
Considerations: Power + Attitude = Performance, Scan often
Scan sometimes
T.E.M
Threat
UAS
Countermeasure
Selective radial scan
Inadvertent entry into cloud Loss of control
Instrument errors
Loss of control
Know the errors
Believe the instruments / Move eyes, not head
Loss of control
Leans
Faulty instruments
Loss of control
Instrument checks when taxying
Air Exercise:
4) Selective Radial Scan
1) SUTTO & departure – you
Master Instruments Power + Attitude = Performance
2) Attitude Indicator demo
Performance Instruments
Change – Check – Hold - Trim
3) Instrument errors
Altimeter
Lag
VSI
ASI
Turn & Slip Looping
Golden Rules
1) Be smooth
2) Only look at AI when
changing attitude
3) Believe the
instruments
Attitude -> IAS
Power -> R.O.D
Level off 10% VSI
5) Straight & Level Scan
AI – ALT – AI – HSI – AI – (BALL)
6) Turning Rate 1 / 300 AOB
Rate 1 AoB = TAS x 10% + 7
AI – ALT – AI – (HSI) – AI – (BALL)
Roll out =1/3rd AoB
6) Climbing Vy ( 80kts ) Full Power
AI – HSI – AI – ASI – AI – (VSI) - AI – (BALL)
7) Descending (2000 rpm, 105kts )
AI – HSI – AI – ASI – AI – (VSI) - AI – (BALL)
8) RTB - You

17.

General Handling & VFR Navigation – Ex 23
V1.1
Aims: 1) To learn basic VFR navigation techniques for set heading & turning points
2) To revise: Stalling, Steep turns, Emergency handling & PFL’s
Considerations: Actions before flight, route selection and planning
T.E.M
Threat
UAS
Countermeasure
Monitor
fuel gauges
Running out of fuel / forced landing
Fuel leak
Engine damage / failure
Monitor RPM gauge
Exceeding RPM limits
Air Exercise:
Beware of making large power
1) SUTTO – You
Actions before flight
increases at high RPM
PLOG
preparation
2) Basic VFR navigation
Weather suitability
Fuel planning
W&B, performance calcs.
Altitude planning
NOTAMS
USG/hr: 10 Start / taxi: 1 usg
File flight plan?
Minimum plan:
Map preparation
To / from VRP: 2 usg / 1 usg
1000’ above obstacles &
Min. fuel on landing:10 usg
terrain within 1nm
2 mins. before TP
MSA: 1000’ above obstacles & terrain within 10nm
Map
2000’ above >5000’
Turn,
Features
>3000’:Use VFR cruising levels
2 mins. before CP
Start timer
(large to small)
Map
Gross
Features
HART
error chk
(large to small)
Check timing, tracking
HATFIRE
Be on heading
Adjust as required
PLOG CP1
E
PLOG TP
S
Start timer
Gross error chk
Bug – Heading Heading
CDI – Track (M) Altitude & Airspeed
Radio
Timer
Heading
Altitude & Airspeed
T imer / calc ETA
Fuel / sufficient?
I nstruments
Radio
E ngine
PLOG

18.

General Handling & VFR Navigation – Ex 23
Aims: 1) To learn basic VFR navigation techniques for set heading & turning points
2) To revise: Stalling, Steep turns, Emergency handling & PFL’s
Considerations: Actions before flight, route selection and planning
Tracking corrections
E
Before ½ way
Determine Track Error with driftlines
Double the TE
Fly 2 x TE for elapsed time at turn
Fly single TE as new
heading
Timing corrections
Before or after ½ way
Proportion correction
At ½ way
Double correction
First time check after top of climb
Add correction to ETA
ATC / inaccurate flying
Determine miles off track
Turn 300 towards track
Fly for 1 minute per mile
off track
Why off track?