Open Water Scuba Diving

1. Open Water Scuba Diving

IANTD
Open Water
Scuba Diving
International Association
of Nitrox & Technical
Divers/IAND, Inc.
Revision 1 – Alexander Sotiriou, 2003

2. The International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers

-
Established in 1985, by Dick Rutkowski
-
Active worldwide (36 countries - Including
N&S America, Europe, Asia, Australia,
Caribbean, Middle East)
-
Sport Diving and Technical Diving Program
(Divers-Instructors).
-
The first agency to offer Nitrox and Mixed
Gas Training to the recreational Diving
community.
“The Leaders in Diver Education”

3. The International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers

Affiliated with :
Association Internationale pour
le Développement de l'Apnée,
USA
International Association for the Development of Apnea
“The Leaders in Diver Education”

4. IANTD Sport Diver Programs

Openwater
Diver
Openwater
EANx(Rebreather) Diver
Specialty Programs
Diver First Aid
Adv. Openwater
Diver
EANx
Diver
Oxygen
Provider
Wreck/Cavern
Diver
Deep Diver
Intro Cave
Diver
Advanced EANx
Diver
Rebreather
Diver
Divemaster

5.

IANTD Open Water Diver
Purpose :
This Program is designed to provide comprehensive training
to those who wish to become SCUBA divers.
It emphasizes the skills and knowledge needed to develop a
safer novice diver and to develop a sense of confidence and
responsibility in those joining the adventures of underwater
discovery.
The diver is qualified to dive to a maximum
depth of 70 fsw (21 msw).

6. ENROLMENT IN THIS COURSE & PAYMENT OF THE COURSE FEE PROVIDES

ENROLMENT IN THIS COURSE &
PAYMENT OF THE COURSE FEE
PROVIDES
Instruction In Diving Theory
Skill Training In Confined Water
Open Water Training Dives

7. WORLD WIDE REFERAL SYSTEM

Open Water Dives competed within 6
months after Confined Water Training
Anywhere in the world
IANTD Log Book / Training Record

8. OPEN WATER TRAINING & CERTIFICATION MUST BE EARNED!

OPEN WATER TRAINING
& CERTIFICATION
MUST BE
EARNED!

9. REQUIREMENTS FOR CERTIFICATION

Medical Examination (If necessary)
Satisfactory Skill Performance
Diving Theory Examination(s)
- Review Quizzes
- 80% Or Higher Score On Final Exam
All Forms Signed
Completion Of Open Water Dives
Instructor Approval

10. TEXTBOOK & SUPPORT MATERIALS

TEXTBOOK &
SUPPORT MATERIALS
IANTD Open Water Scuba Diver
Student Manual & Workbook
IANTD Open Water Air Diving &
Decompression Table
IANTD Recreational Log Book

11. DIVING THEORY

Unit 1 - Introduction
Unit 2 - Equipment
Unit 3 - Diving Physiology
Unit 4 - Dive Tables
Unit 5 - Environment
Unit 6 - Practicing safe
diving
Unit 7 - Dealing with diver
problems and injuries.
Unit 8 - Beyond Basic
Training

12. Introduction to SCUBA Diving Unit 1

Medical - Physical Fitness
Emotional Fitness
Basic Diving Equipment
Basic Diving Physics
Basic Diving Physiology
Diver Communication
Conclusion

13. MEDICAL FITNESS

Predisposition To injury
Medical Disorders
Physical Disorders
Drugs
Alcohol
Smoking
Medical Examination

14. MEDICATIONS & THE DIVER

MEDICATIONS & THE DIVER
Decongestants
Adverse Side-Effects
- Rebound
- Drowsiness
- Oxygen Sensitivity
Seasickness Prevention
Prescription Drugs
Avoid Diving With A Cold!

15. PREGNANCY & DIVING

PREGNANCY & DIVING
Animal Studies
Human Studies
Risk Of Fetal Injury
“Don’t Dive if Pregnant!”

16. EMOTIONAL FITNESS

Panic
Claustrophobia
Thalassophobia
YOU MUST BE
PHYSICALLY & EMOTIONALLY
FIT TO DIVE!

17. BASIC DIVING EQUIPMENT

Mask
Snorkel
Fins
Foot Protection
Other Equipment

18. MASK

Heavy-Duty
Head Strap
MASK
Silicone Body
Tempered
Glass Lens
Strong, Easily
Adjustable
Attachment
Positive Locking
Device
Nose Pocket

19. MASK

Fit & Comfort
Silicone (Soft, Pliable, Non-Allergenic,
Resist Deterioration)
Tempered Glass Lens
Low Volume & Wide View
Nose Pocket
Strap & Fastening Devices
Corrective Lenses Available

20. MASK

PURGE VALVE

21. SNORKEL

Short
Breathing Tube
Surface
Swimming
Comfortable
Barrel
Mouthpiece
Purge-Valve
Flexible Vs.
Inside
Rigid Tube
Diameter
About 3/4 -Inch
Snorkel
“Keeper”
Flexible
Section
(Optional)
Mouthpiece
Purge Valve

22. SWIM FINS

Adjustable Heel Strap
Most Important!
Proper Fit
With Boot
Moderate
Blade
Stiffness
Rubber
Thermoplastic
Combination
Secure Strap
Retainer
Easy to
Adjust

23. FOOT PROTECTION

Neoprene Sock
Neoprene Boots
- Hard Sole
- Standard High-Top
- Tropical Low-Cut
Aqua “Slippers”
Coral Shoes

24. BASIC DIVING PHYSICS

Hearing Underwater
Seeing Underwater
Buoyancy
Composition of Air
Pressure & Volume

25. HEARING UNDERWATER

Water Density
Sound Travels Faster
Underwater
Direction Of Sound Difficult
To Detect

26. SEEING UNDERWATER

Objects Under Water Appear 25% Closer
Vision Reversal
Refraction

27. NORMAL VISION IN AIR

LIGHT
RAYS
AIR
FLUID
FOCUS
POINT
REFRACTION

28. BLURRED VISION IN WATER

LIGHT
RAYS
WATER
FLUID
LITTLE REFRACTION
FLUID OF EYE SIMILAR TO SEA WATER
FOCUS
POINT

29. REFRACTION & CLEAR VISION WITH MASK

REFRACTION & CLEAR
VISION WITH MASK
MASK LENS
WATER
AIR
FIRST
REFRACTION
FLUID
FOCUS
POINT
SECOND
REFRACTION
DOUBLE REFRACTION
RESULTS IN MAGNIFYING EFFECT
OBJECTS APPEAR 25% CLOSER & LARGER

30. BUOYANCY

Archimedes’ Principle
States Of Buoyancy
- Positive (Float)
Equals
- Neutral (Hover)
Weight
- Negative (Sink)
Of Water
Buoyancy Control Factors
Displaced
- Lead Weights
- Buoyancy Control Device
(BCD)
- Breathing Pattern -Water Density (Fresh Vs. Salt)
-Type Of Diving Suit & Dive Depth
-Scuba Cylinder Size & Weight
}

31. ATMOSPHERIC AIR

Trace & Rare
Elements
Argon
.09%
Carbon
Dioxide
0.33%
Nitrogen
78.1%
Oxygen
20.9%

32. PRESSURE

Atmospheric
Pressure
Hydrostatic Pressure
Absolute Pressure
Gauge Pressure
Ambient Pressure

33. PRESSURE AT DEPTH

é D( fsw) ù
P( ata ) = ê
+1
ú
ë 33 û
é D( msw) ù
P( ata ) = ê
+1
ú
ë 10 û
ATA
FSW MSW
1
0
0
2
33
10
3
66
20
4
99
30
5
132
40
1 ata = 33 fsw = 10 msw = 34 ffw = 14.7 psi = 1.013 bar

34. PRESSURE & VOLUME

PRESSURE & VOLUME
Boyle’s Law
PV
1 1 = P2V 2
At A Constant Temperature, The Volume Of A Gas Is Inversely
Proportional To The Pressure Exerted On That Gas.
If The Pressure Doubled, The Volume Is Reduced To 1/2 The
Original Volume.
Greatest Volume Change
Occurs Near The Surface!

35. PRESSURE & VOLUME

PRESSURE & VOLUME
Boyle’s Law
Surface
33ft/10m
66ft/20m
99ft/30m
Volume = 1
Volume = 1/2
Volume = 1/3
Volume = 1/4

36. BASIC DIVING PHYSIOLOGY

The Body’s Gas Spaces
Pressure Equalization
Breathing Underwater

37. THE BODY’S GAS SPACES

Middle Ear
Sinus Cavities
Lungs
Gastrointestinal System
Cavity In Tooth
Attached Spaces (Mask
& Dry Suit)

38. SINUSES

FRONTAL
ETHMOID
SPHENOID
MAXILLARY

39. THE HUMAN EAR

40. PRESSURE EQUALIZATION EARS & SINUSES, MASK SPACE

PRESSURE EQUALIZATION
EARS & SINUSES, MASK SPACE
Pressure Equalization
Middle Ear Ventilation Via Eustachian Tube
- Yawning & Swallowing
- Tongue Against Roof Of Mouth & Swallowing
- Block Nose & Blow Gently
Must Start At Surface
Discomfort
- Stop
- Ascend Few Feet
- Repeat Equalization
Blow Air Inside the Mask through
the nose

41. EQUALIZATION

Valsalva
Frenzel
Hold Nose
Nontraumatic & Safer
Gently Blow
More Difficult To Master
Increases Pressure
Tip Of Tongue Forward On Roof
Force Air Into
Tongue Driven Toward Top Of Head
Caution
- Compresses Nasopharyngeal Air
Space
Avoid Forceful
- Forces Air Into Eustachian Tube
Be Gentle
Injury Risk
Middle Ear

42. OPEN-CIRCUIT SCUBA

First-Stage Regulator
Reduces Pressure
To ~ 140 psig – 10 bar
Second Stage Regulator
Reduces Pressure
To Ambient
Air Or Pre-Mix Gas, High pressure,
At transportation treat
cylinders as if made of glass!

43. LUNG VOLUME WHILE BREATHING NORMALLY FROM SCUBA

Surface
Volume = 1
33ft/10m
Volume = 1
66ft/20m
Volume = 1
99ft/30m
Volume = 1

44. EXPANSION OF TRAPPED GAS DURING ASCENT

Depth Pressure
(fsw)
(ate)
Relative
Volume Change
0
1
1.00
33
2
0.50
66
3
0.33
99
4
0.25
132
5
0.20

45. BREATHING UNDERWATER

Relaxation & Safety
Slow & Deep InhalationExhalation Cycles
Breathing Influences Buoyancy
Do Not “Skip Breathe”
Do Not “Hyperventilate”
Do Not Hold Your Breath!

46. PULMONARY INJURY

Voluntary Breath Holding
Lung Disease (Scars)
Bronchial Obstruction
Smokers At Risk (Mucus)
Coughing During Ascent
Low Lung Volume Exhalation

47. ARE THERE RISKS INVOLVED WITH TRAINING?

Barotrauma:
- Ear/ Sinus
- Face Or Eye
Trapping Of Air In Lungs
Decompression Sickness
Marine Life Injury

48. DIVER COMMUNICATION Hand Signals

49. DIVER COMMUNICATION Hand Signals

50. CONCLUSION

Exciting & Enjoyable Adventure
Serious Activity
Basic Rules :
- Breathe Normally
- Equalize on Time (Ears, Sinuses and Mask
space)
- Be aware of your Environment
Learn Theory
Skill - Open Water Training
Continuing Education

51. SCUBA Diving Equipment Unit 2

Underwater Breathing Apparatus
Emergency Breathing Systems
Instruments - Computers
Buoyancy Control Devices
Environmental Protection
Ballast System
Other Equipment
Maintenance
Summary

52. OPEN-CIRCUIT SCUBA

First-Stage Regulator
Reduces Pressure
To ~ 140 psig
All Exhalation To
Surrounding Water
Second Stage Regulator
Reduces Pressure
To Ambient
Air Or Pre-Mix Gas

53. SCUBA

Simplicity, Portability, & Mobility
Easy To Maintain
Training Readily Available
No Gas Recirculation (Inefficient)
- Dive Duration Limited By Gas Supply
- Reduced Potential For Hypoxia & CO2
Problems
Relatively Low Cost

54. SCUBA COMPONENTS

Cylinder(s) & Valve/Manifold
Primary Regulator
Emergency Breathing System
Instruments
- Pressure Gauge
- Computer
Buoyancy Control Device(s)
Backpack/Harness

55. CYLINDERS

Material
Size
Exterior Protection
Multiple Cylinder
Configurations
Oxygen Service
Valves/Manifolds
At transportation treat
cylinders as if made of glass!

56. CYLINDER VALVE

O-Ring For Regulator Seal
On-Off Valve
Valve-Cylinder O-Ring
Valve Dip Tube
DIN Valve (Captured O-Ring)
Dual Regulator Valves
Maintenance

57. K-VALVE

Simple On-Off Valve
Single Cylinder
Single Regulator
Renewed Popularity
Standard For Recreational
Scuba Divers
Straight Thread/O-ring Seal
Over-Pressure Disk

58. MODULAR SINGLE CYLINDER VALVE

Simple On-Off Valves
Single Cylinder
Two Regulators
- Primary
- Backup
- Isolation Capability
Technical Dive Choice
> 65 fsw (20 msw)
Straight Thread/O-ring Seal
Over-Pressure Disk

59. PRIMARY REGULATOR

First Stage Assembly
Second Stage Assembly
Hoses
Yoke Or DIN Connectors
Performance
Configuration
Oxygen Service

60. HIGH-PRESSURE REDUCTION STAGE FIRST STAGE OF PRIMARY REGULATOR

Flow-Through Or Balanced Piston
Reduces High- Pressure Gas To ~ 140 psig (10bar)
Over Ambient Pressure

61. HIGH-PRESSURE REDUCTION STAGE BALANCED-DIAPHRAGM FIRST STAGE

High-Pressure Inlet
Flexible Diaphragm
High-Pressure
Ambient
Pressure
Inlet
Intermediate Pressure
To Second Stage
Spring

62. INTERMEDIATE-PRESSURE REDUCTION STAGE SECOND STAGE OF PRIMARY REGULATOR

Components
Basic Operation
Down Stream Valve
Pilot Valves
Exhaust Ports
Mouthpiece

63. REGULATOR SELECTION

Good Reputation
Minimum Breathing Resistance
Recreational Vs. Technical Diving
Comfortable To Use
Local Service & Parts Availability
World-Wide Service For Traveling Diver

64. AN EMERGENCY GAS SUPPLY SYSTEM

Scuba Failures Are Rare
Independent Vs. Dependent
Cost (Initial & Maintenance)
System Integrated Or Independent
Gas Volume Required
- 15 To 33% Of Primary Gas Supply

65. EMERGENCY BREATHING SYSTEMS

Auxiliary Second Stage (“Octopus”)
Auxiliary Scuba (“Pony”)
Tiny Scuba (“SpareAir”)
Dual Valve Manifold With Two Regulators

66. THE OCTOPUS

Common Usage
Dependent On Other Diver
Moderate Skill Complexity
Separate 2nd Stage Vs. Integrated
With BCD Inflation
Better Than Conventional Buddy
Breathing
Unit Selection
Initial Cost Factor
Maintenance

67. INSTRUMENTS

Depth
Time
Cylinder
Pressure
Direction
Analog Vs. Digital
Computer

68. INSTRUMENT CONSOLE

Integration Of Instruments
Cylinder Pressure , Depth, Time, & Direction
Independent & Gas Integrated Computers
Secure Close To Body
Rinse After Dives
Avoid Abuse Underwater &
In Transport
Do Not Leave In Direct Sun

69. COMPUTERS

Depth & Dive Time
Decompression Status
- No-Decompression Time Remaining
- Ceiling Depth
- Decompression
- Gas Loading-Unloading Displays
- Ascent Rate Violation Warning
Cylinder Pressure
- Remaining Gas Supply Time Vs.
Breathing Rate
Reliability & Redundancy

70. BUOYANCY CONTROL DEVICES

Underwater Buoyancy Compensation
Surface Flotation
Lifesaving Applications
- Label: Not A Lifesaving Device
- Standard Practice In Community
- Legal Implications
Manufacturing Vs. Training
Ballast Placement
Inflation Systems
Configuration
- Jacket
- “Wings”
- Horse Collar
Redundant Systems

71. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

Skin
Suits
Wet
Suits
Dry
Suits

72. GUIDELINE TO THERMAL PROTECTION

>85o F (30o C)
- Skin Suits Or Short Wet Suit
78 To 85o F (25 To 30o C)
- Short Wet Suit
- Full Body Jump-Style 1/8 In. (3 mm) Wet Suit
70 To 78o F (21 To 25o C)
- Full 3/16 In. (4-5 mm) Wet Suit w/ Hood & Boots
55 To 70o F (13 To 21o C)
- Full 1/4 In. (6.5-7 mm) Wet Suit w/ Hood, Boots, & Gloves
- Some Divers Wear Dry Suits
<55o F (13o C)
- Dry Suit With Under Garments Appropriate For Water Temperature

73. SKIN SUITS

Lycra (No Thermal Protection)
- Sun & Contact Protection
Darlexx & Polartec (Some Thermal Protection)
- Water Temperature >80o F
(27o C)
Fashion Statement

74. FOAMED NEOPRENE WET SUIT

Gas Expanded Neoprene Rubber
An Insulation Barrier
Diver Gets “Wet”
Suit Compression With Depth
- Loss Of Buoyancy
- Loss Of Insulation
Design & Selection Criteria
- Fit Is Very Important
- Custom Vs. Off-The-Shelf

75. THE DRY SUIT

Keeping the Diver DRY
- Neck & Wrist Seals
- Waterproof Zippers
- Dry Or Wet Hood & Gloves
Foamed Neoprene
Crushed Foamed Neoprene
Membrane Suits (Trilaminate & Nylon)
Undersuits

76. BALLAST SYSTEM

Belt With Solid Lead Weights
“Pocket” Belt With Packets Of Lead Shot
BCD Integrated Ballast Systems
Some Weight In Smaller Increments For
Distribution & Adjustment
Quick-Release In Emergency
“Heavy” Scuba Cylinder As Ballast
Weight Placed On Cylinder

77. OTHER EQUIPMENT

Floats
Lights
Cutting
Devices

78. SURFACE FLOATS

• Float For Rest & Rescue
• Store Game & Collected Items
• Position Marker & Flag Support
• Dive Flag Required By Law (Some Areas)
• Boaters Must Stay Specified Distance Away
Line Reel

79. DIVE FLAGS

U.S. Dive Flag
International “Alpha” Dive Flag

80. SURFACE FLOATS

Surface Marker Buoys (SMB)

81. DIVE LIGHTS

•Open Water Diving
•Wreck Diving
•Cave/Cavern Diving
•Deep Diving
•Night Diving

82. CUTTING DEVICES

Big Knives Unnecessary
Size & Type Depend On
Task & Handling Ability
Compact Knife With Line
Cutter Notch
Sky Diver Line Cutter
Seat Belt Cutters
EMS Shears
Wire Cutters
All Divers Should Carry
Emergency Resolution Of
Entanglement
Not A Tool To Strip
Wrecks Or Destroy
Environment
Not A Weapon Or Shark
Defense Device
Must Maintain It

83. EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE

After each dive - Rinse all
equipment in fresh water, and allow
to dry
Avoid Direct Sunlight
Periodical Maintenance to Scuba
Cylinder, Regulator, BCD

84. MAINTENANCE SCUBA Cylinder

Avoid Physical Abuse
Avoid Extreme Temperatures
Remove Accessories
Wash To Remove Salt
Orifice Free Of Water & Dirt
Prevent O-Ring Loss
Keep Moisture Out Of Cylinder
(Never empty it completely)
Extended Storage

85. INSPECTION & TESTING

INSPECTION & TESTING
Internal & External Visual Inspection Required
Annually (No Fill Without “Sticker”)
Hydrostatic Test Required Every 5 Years, or less
depending on local regulations
Hydrostatic Test Required If Dented, Gouged,
Exposed To Excessive Heat, Or Corroded
Valve maintenance

86. REGULATOR MAINTENANCE

Send In Warranty Card At Purchase
Follow Manufacturer’s Guideline
Insert “DRY” Dust Cap Immediately After Dive
Rinse In Fresh Water & Allow To Dry After Dive
Protect From Heat & Abuse
Annual Inspection & Service Even If Not Used
(Lubricant Dries & Rubber Deteriorates)

87. BCD MAINTENANCE

Drain Water From Interior
Post-Dive Fresh Water Rinse
Periodic Interior Rinse
Avoid Long Exposure To Direct Sun
Avoid Exposure To High Temperatures
Pre-Dive Inflation & Exhaust Valve Check
Professional Service & Component Replacement

88. SUMMARY

Selection Of Proper Equipment Leads To Greater
Safety and Enjoyment.
Configure Equipment So That It Is Streamlined
(No Hanging Gauges Or Second Stages)
Consider the Use Of A Dual Outlet Valve Or
Pony Tank For Increased Safety
Do Not Substitute Equipment For
Waterpersonship
Proper Maintenance of Equipment is very
Important

89. Dive Tables Unit 3

Understanding Gas Absorption and
Elimination
Planning a Single Dive
Planning Repetitive Dives
Using Dive Computers
Nitrox
Avoiding DCS

90. UNDERSTANDING GAS ABSORPTION AND ELLIMINATION

Henry’s Law:
“The amount of any given gas that will
dissolve in a liquid at a given temperature
is directly proportional to the partial
pressure of that gas.”

91. UNDERSTANDING GAS ABSORPTION AND ELLIMINATION

Surface, 1 ATA Air (21%O2 - 79%N2)
Circulation
Lungs
Alveoli
Tissues

92. UNDERSTANDING GAS ABSORPTION AND ELLIMINATION

N2
O2
Nutrients
Energy
CO2
N2 = Inert Gas
Tissues
Surface, 1 ATA Air (21%O2 - 79%N2)

93.

UNDERSTANDING GAS
ABSORPTION AND ELLIMINATION
33ft (10m), 2 ATA Air (21%O2 - 79%N2)
Circulation
Lungs
Alveoli
Tissues

94. UNDERSTANDING GAS ABSORPTION AND ELLIMINATION

Absorbing
N2
O2
Nutrients
Energy
CO2
N2 = Inert Gas
Tissues
33ft/10m, 2 ATA Air (21%O2 - 79%N2)

95. UNDERSTANDING GAS ABSORPTION AND ELLIMINATION

N2
Before
Diving
During
Diving

96. UNDERSTANDING GAS ABSORPTION AND ELLIMINATION

N2
Ascend

97. DIVE TABLES

Based On Mathematical Model
IANTD Uses Bühlman Tables
Not “Guaranteed” Protection From DCS
Surface Interval & Repetitive Dives Schedules
Safety & Mandatory Decompression Stops

98. DIVE TABLES

-Bühlmann ZHL-16 Algorithm
-0-1000ft (300m) Above Sea Level
-3 Minute Safety Stop @ 15 FSW (4.5 MSW)
-30 feet/ minute(10 meters/minute) Ascent Rate

99. DIVE TABLES

Planning a Single Dive
Ä Depth
Ä Bottom Time
ÄRate of Ascend
ÄSafety Stops
ÄUse Tables Conservatively!
ÄUse Nitrox
If The Depth Of The Dive Is Between Two Increments, Use The Deeper Figure .

100.

AVOID DIVES
REQUIRING
DECOMPRESSION!

101. PLANNING REPETITIVE DIVES

All Dives After An Initial One, Until The
Residual Nitrogen Has Left The Body
Up To 48 Hours

102. RESIDUAL NITROGEN

Before
Diving
End Of
Dive 1
End Of
Surface
Interval
End Of
Dive 2
Next Day

103. PLANNING REPETITIVE DIVES Use of Tables

Repetitive Group Is A Measure Of Dissolved
Nitrogen In Body At End Of Dive
Credit For Nitrogen Released During Surface
Exposure Time (Surface Interval)
New Pressure Group Residual Nitrogen Time

104. PLANNING REPETITIVE DIVES Use of Tables - Dive 1

ÄDepth
Ä Bottom Time
ÄRepetitive Group
ÄRate of Ascend
ÄSafety Stops
If The Depth Of The Dive Is Between Two Increments, Use The Deeper Figure .

105. PLANNING REPETITIVE DIVES Use of Tables - Surface Interval

ÄTime
ÄRepetitive Group

106. PLANNING REPETITIVE DIVES Use of Tables - Residual Nitrogen Time

Repetitive Group
Depth of Next Dive
(Always Shallower)
Residual Nitrogen Expressed
in terms of Bottom Time
If The Depth Of The Repetitive Dive Is Between Two Increments, Use
The Shallower Figure When Calculating Residual Nitrogen Time.

107. PLANNING REPETITIVE DIVES Use of Tables - Dive 2

RNT + Actual Bottom time < NDL
Rate of Ascend
Safety Stops

108. ON REPETITIVE DIVES, YOU DIVE WITH A RAT!

RESIDUAL NITROGEN TIME
ACTUAL BOTTOM TIME
TOTAL NITROGEN TIME

109. DIVE PROFILE ON SLATE

Time In
______
Time Out
______
Time In
______
Time Out
______
Time In
______
Time Out
______
Group
______
Group
______
Group
______
Group
______
Group
______
1
Depth
_______
SIT
2
SIT
_______
Depth
_______
_______
R ______
A ______
T ______
T ______
3
Depth
_______
R ______
A ______
T ______

110. DIVE TABLE EXERCISE

Dive # 1 40 minutes At 55fsw(16.5msw)
Repetitive Group = E
1 Hour Surface Interval
Repetitive Group At End Of SIT = A
Dive # 2 40 minutes At 45 fsw(13.5 msw)
Residual Nitrogen Time
=19 minutes
Actual Bottom Time
=40 minutes
Total Bottom Time
=59 minutes
Repetitive Group After Dive # 2
=E

111. DIVE TABLE EXERCISE

Dive # 1 30 minutes At 60fsw(18msw)
Repetitive Group = D
1 Hour Surface Interval
Repetitive Group At End Of SIT
Dive # 2 35 minutes At 50 fsw(15 msw)
Residual Nitrogen Time
Actual Bottom Time
Total Bottom Time
Repetitive Group After Dive # 2
1 Hour Surface Interval
Repetitive Group At End Of SIT
Dive # 3 30 minutes At 40 fsw(12 msw)
Residual Nitrogen Time
Actual Bottom Time
Total Bottom Time
Repetitive Group After Dive # 3
=A
= 16 minutes
= 35 minutes
= 51 minutes
=E
=A
= 19 minutes
= 30 minutes
= 49 minutes
=D

112. COMPUTER-ASSISTED DIVING

Many Divers Use Computers
Programmed Mathematical Model
Upgrades Nitrogen Status Every 3
Seconds
Nitrox programmable Computer
NOT Guaranteed Protection
Against DCS – Does not cancel
dive planning!

113. ENRICHED AIR NITROX

Air + O2 = Nitrox
Why
Nitrox
- Increased No-Decompression Time (<N2)
- Less Decompression Requirements
- Less Decompression Stress
- Conservative Dives
Simple use
Requires additional training

114. WHAT MUST A DIVER KNOW TO USE NITROX?

EANx
Physics
Risks & Limitations
Use Of Nitrox Dive Tables
Preparation Of Equipment
Gas Analysis
IANTD EANx Diver Program

115. FLYING AFTER DIVING

• IANTD/IAND, Inc. Tables For Diving To Elevations
Not Exceeding 1000 Feet
• 12 Hour Surface Interval Before Ascent To Altitude
(Cabin Pressure Of 8,000 Feet) After NoDecompression Dives
• Encouraged To Wait 24 Hours
• Wait 24 Hours After Mandatory,
Emergency, Or Omitted Decompression
• Special Tables & Procedures
For Diving At Altitude

116. AVOIDING DCS

Predisposing
Factors
- Yo - Yo Dives
- Dehydration
- Next Dives
- Illness & Injury - Flying after diving
- Drugs & Alcohol - Hot Bath
- Cold Stress
- Heavy Exertion
- Obesity
- Age
- Anxiety
- Patent Foramen Ovale
“Alteration Of Normal Blood Flow”

117. SUMMARY

Understand & Prevent DCS
Single Dive Planning
Repetitive Dive Planning
Learn Conservative Use Of Dive Tables
Dive computers
Nitrox
Avoiding DCS

118. Diving Physiology Unit 4

Thermal Awareness
- Hypothermia
- Hyperthermia
Air Supply Contamination
Oxygen & The Diver
Inert Gas Narcosis
CO2 Retention
Ear, Sinus, Skin Barotrauma
Hyperventilation
Pulmonary Injury
Avoidance :
Decompression Sickness
First Aid : Conclusions

119. THERMAL AWARENESS

• Heat Loss ~25x Greater In Water Than
Air
-
Conduction
Convection
Evaporation
Respiratory Heat Loss By Diver
Radiation (Negligible For Divers -By
Comparison)

120. HYPOTHERMIA

Mild Hypothermia
- Shivering
- Slured Speech
- Memory Loss
- Fumbling Hands
Sever Hypothermia
- No shivering
- Muscle stiffness
- Bluish skin
Avoidance :
• Dive Planning & Procedures
• Thermal Protection
First Aid :
Rewarm the diver

121. HYPOTHERMIA-First Aid REWARMING A DIVER

Protect From Environmental Stress
Remove Diving Suit
Warm, Dry Clothing
Warm Soup & Fluids
Limited Exercise

122. HYPERTHERMIA

Elevated Core Temperature
- Hyperbaric Chamber
- Sun Exposure While Dressed In Diving Suit
Feel “Poorly” & Heat Cramps
Heat Exhaustion (39 To 41O C/102 To 106O F)
- Profuse Sweating, Headache, Nausea,
Dizziness, Dilated Pupils
Heat Stroke (43O C/109O F)
- Hot, Dry, Red Skin & Small Pupils
Avoidance :
• Wear Light Clothes
• Avoid Sun Exposure
First Aid :
Cool Diver

123. AIR SUPPLY CONTAMINATION

Composition Of Air & Purity Standards
Ambient Air Source Contamination
Compressor Filtration & Purification Systems
Carbon Monoxide
- Engine Exhaust Or “Flashing” Lubrication Oil
- Headache, Nausea, Unconsciousness, Red Lips/Nails
- Oxygen First Aid & HBO Treatment
Avoidance :
Oil Vapor
Purchase air from
- Source, Taste, Avoid
certified facilities
- Lipoid Pneumonia
(Ex. IANTD Facilities)
First Aid :
•Breathe O2

124. OXYGEN & THE DIVER

OXYGEN & THE DIVER
2
Essential For Life
Hypoxia
Hyperoxia
Avoidance :
•Know what you are breathing
•Do not dive a mix you have not been trained to dive
•Know the PO2 limits
First Aid :
•Breathe a mix with acceptable PO

125. CARBON DIOXIDE RETENTION (Hypercapnia)

Can Happen at Any Depth
Symptoms
Contributing Factors
- Confusion
- Impaired Thought Process
- High PO2
- Drowsiness
- Inadequate Ventilation
- Increased Work Of Breathing - Loss Of Consciousness
- Convulsions
CO2 Retainers
Carbon Dioxide-Oxygen-Nitrogen
- Sleep Apneics
Synergism
- Large, Heavy Body Types
Avoidance :
•Maintain a Normal Breathing Rate
•Be in good shape
First Aid :
•Stop, Control your Breathing Rate

126. HYPERVENTILATION

Breathing More Than Necessary
Can Be Triggered By Nervous Tension
Abnormally Low Carbon Dioxide Level (Hypocapnia)
Symptoms
-
Weakness & Headaches
Lightheadedness To Fainting
Blurred Vision
Sensation Of Suffocation
Shock & Loss Of Consciousness (Extreme Cases)
Avoidance :
First Aid : •Maintain a Normal Breathing Rate
•Stop, Control your Breathing Rate

127. OXYGEN NITROGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE SYNERGISM

Simultaneous Action Of Separate Gases
Which Together Have Greater Total Effect
Than The Sum Of Each Individual Effect!
1(O2 )+ 1(N2) +1(CO2) = 4

128. INERT GAS NARCOSIS

Deep air diving
Retardment Of Higher Mental Processes
Impaired Neuromuscular Coordination
Impaired Judgment
Imagination Is Lively
Thoughts Have A Peculiar Charm
(Euphoria)
Symptoms Of Intoxication
Hallucinations
Avoidance :
• Do not dive deeper than 130ft/39m on air
First Aid :
•Ascend to a Shallower Depth

129. PERFORMANCE DECREMENT BREATHING AIR - SURFACE VS. 100 FSW (30.5 MSW)

U.S.N. Experimental Diving Unit Report 3-60
40
Peccent Decrement
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Reaction Time
Dexerity
Conception
Reasoning

130. WHAT ARE THE DEPTH RISKS?

Gas Supply Depletion
Mandatory Decompression
Prohibits Direct Ascent In An
Emergency
Decompression Sickness
Inert Gas Narcosis
DEEP
WATER

131. EAR, SINUS, SKIN BAROTRAUMA

• Failure to equalize
• Pressure difference is built up
• Injury as a result of pressure
Avoidance :
• Equalize when you feel the pressure (Not Pain)
First Aid :
•Protect the injured area from infections
•Contact your physician

132. REVERSE BLOCKAGE DURING ASCENT

Rebound
Congestion
Tissue Swelling
Air Trapping In Ear/Sinus
Discomfort, Dizziness
Avoidance :
• Do not dive when you have a cold
•Slow ascent

133. PULMONARY INJURY

Voluntary Breath Holding
Lung Disease (Scars)
Incident
Bronchial Obstruction
- Gas Supply Depletion
Smokers At Risk (Mucus)
- Panic
Coughing During Ascent
- Uncontrolled Ascent
Low Lung Volume
Exhalation
Alveolar Rupture
Air Escape Paths

134.

Subcutaneous
Emphysema
Pneumothorax
Mediastinal
Emphysema
PULMONARY
BAROTRAUMA

135. RECOGNIZING PULMONARY BAROTRAUMA

Predisposing Event
Symptoms Of Shock
Emphysema
- Substernal Pain & Breathing Difficulty
- Voice Change & Difficulty Swallowing
- Puffy Neck With Crackle Skin
Pneumothorax
-
Shortness Of Breath & Breathing Difficulty
Painful Breathing & Uneven Chest Movement
Leaning To One Side
Cyanosis
Assume AGE Until Proven Different

136.

Arterial
Gas Embolism
Subcutaneous
Emphysema
Pneumothorax
Mediastinal
Emphysema
PULMONARY
BAROTRAUMA

137. ARTERIAL GAS EMBOLISM

Gas Enters Pulmonary Vessels
Carried To Heart
Ejected To Arterial Circulation
Gas To Brain
Blockage Of Cerebral Circulation
Coronary Artery Embolism
Possible

138. ARTERIAL GAS EMBOLISM (Continued)

Symptoms Usually Occur Within
5 Minutes
Unconsciousness
Respiratory Or Cardiac Arrest
Coma, Stupor, Confusion
Unilateral Neurological Changes
Bilateral Neurological Changes
Visual Disturbances (Blindness)
Dizziness & Convulsions

139.

Arterial
Gas Embolism
Subcutaneous
Emphysema
Pneumothorax
Mediastinal
Emphysema
PULMONARY
BAROTRAUMA
Avoidance :
• Breathe normally
throughout the dive
• Slow ascent
First Aid :
•Administer O2
•Comfortable position
•Keep dry and warm
•Transport to HBO Chamber
A.S.A.P.

140. PREDISPOSITION TO PULMONARY BAROTRAUMA

Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease
Active Asthma
Smoking-Related Damage
“Panic Tendencies”
Respiratory Infection

141. DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS

Dive Tables Violation
Ascent Rate Violation
Predisposing Factors
“Gas Seeds”
Nitrogen Diffuses Into Gas Seeds
Microbubbles In Venous Circulation
Microbubbles Diffuse Into Larger Elongate
Bubbles
Bubbles Attract Platelets
Blood Vessels Constrict

142. DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS (Continued)

Complement Proteins Released
Fluid Loss To Extravascular Areas
(Third Spacing)
Reduced Blood Flow
Critical Tissue/Nerves Deprived
Of Oxygen
Tissue Swelling
Neurological Symptoms

143. DCS SYMPTOMS

Unwell Feeling (Malaise) & Extreme Fatigue
Itching & Skin Rash
Joint Pain & Deep Limb Pain
Avoidance :
Girdle Pain (Back & Abdomen)
Be aware of the Predisposing
Vestibular Dysfunction (“Staggers”,
Factors
Nausea, Ear Ringing)
No Violations in Dive Tables
CNS Related symptoms :
- Hearing / Seeing / Speech Problems Normal ascent
- Lower Limb Numbness - Paralysis Nitrox
- Bladder & Bowel Dysfunction
First Aid :
Coughing & Breathing Difficulty
•Administer O2
•Comfortable position
•Keep dry and warm
•Transport to HBO Chamber
A.S.A.P.

144. HYPERBARIC OXYGEN THERAPY

Essential Treatment
Hyperbaric Chambers
- Multiplace
- Monoplace
Principle
- Accelerate Inert Gas
Off-Gassing
- Tissue Oxygenation
Aggressive Hydration
Supportive
Nearest
Drug Therapy
Facilities

145. Divers Alert Network (DAN) (919) 684-8111 USA (+39) 039 60 57 858 International

Medical Consultation
- Divers
- Physicians
24-Hour Emergency Consultation
Hyperbaric Chamber Availability
International Emergencies
If In Doubt, Call DAN!

146. Summary

Thermal Awareness
- Hypothermia
- Hyperthermia
Air Supply Contamination
Oxygen & The Diver
CO2 Retention
Hyperventilation
Inert Gas Narcosis
Ear, Sinus, Skin
Barotrauma
Pulmonary Injury
Decompression Sickness
EANx
Conclusions
Avoidance
First Aid

147. The Diving Environment Unit 5

Marine
Life
Weather & Waves
Current

148. INJURIES INFLICTED BY MARINE ORGANISMS

Sea Snake
Octopus
Blue-ringed
Octopus
Moray Eel
Cone Shell
Sharks
Allergic Reactions
Red Tides
Shellfish Poisoning
Ciguatera Poisoning
Scombroid Poisoning
Tetrodotoxin Poisoning
Fugu

149. THE DIVING ENVIRONMENT

150. THE DIVING ENVIRONMENT

Kephalopods

151. THE DIVING ENVIRONMENT

The Sea Snake

152. THE DIVING ENVIRONMENT

Other Venomous Marine Animals

153. THE DIVING ENVIRONMENT

The Anemone

154. THE DIVING ENVIRONMENT

The Fireworm

155. THE DIVING ENVIRONMENT

The Sea Urchin

156. THE DIVING ENVIRONMENT

The Jellyfish

157. THE DIVING ENVIRONMENT

The Shark

158. THE DIVING ENVIRONMENT

The Barracuda

159. THE DIVING ENVIRONMENT

The Eel

160. When Traveling To Unfamiliar Areas, Divers Are Encouraged To

Consult with Local Authorities
Regarding Potential Marine Life
Hazards!

161. WAVES IN SHALLOW WATER

Wave Height Increases & Length Decreases
Surge
Wave Breaking (Surf Zone)
Surf Zone Currents & Rip Currents
Waves & Bottom Slope
Wave Reinforcement & Cancellation
Wave Energy & Shore Line Configuration
Surf Entry & Exit

162. WAVE REFRACTION IN SHALLOW WATER

Longshore Current

163. WAVE REFRACTION

Influence
- Shoreline Configuration
Nature & Human-Made Structure
- Bottom Topography
Submarine Canyons
Longshore Currents
Wave Energy
- Concentrate On Points
- Disperse In Bays

164. WAVE INTERACTION

In Phase
Constructive Interference
Out Of Phase
Destructive Interference
Out Of Phase
Destructive Interference
Wave Train 1
Wave Train 2
Relative Height

165. RIP CURRENT

Dispersal
Plume
Return To
Shore
• Change In Shoreline
• Change In Bottom
• Break In Offshore Bar
• Submarine Canyon
Exit
Beach

166. RIP CURRENTS

Narrow River Of Water Flowing
Perpendicular To Shore
Fast Current
Swimmers Carried Seaward
Do Not Attempt To Swim Back To Shore
Against Current
Swim Parallel To Shore To Exit Current,
There Swim Back Toward Shore

167. UPWELLING

Wind Stress Induces
Seaward Flow Of
Surface Water
Cold, Clear, Nutrient
Rich Water Moves Up
To Replace
Permanent Or Seasonal

168. VERTICAL CURRENTS

Whirlpools
- Maintain Composure
- Inflate BCD
- Swim To Side
Down-Drafts
- Maintain Composure
- Inflate BCD
- Grasp Wall

169. TIDES

Period Rise & Fall Of Water
Level
Gravitational Forces Of EarthMoon-Sun System
Rotation Of Earth
< 3 ft(1 m) To > 45 ft(15 m)
Local Tidal Cycles
Tide-Related Currents
Visibility & Depth

170. Summary

Be aware of the diving environment
Be informed on your local marine
life
Weather & Waves
Current

171. Practicing Safe Diving Unit 6

Dive Planning
Emergency Procedures
Let’s go diving !
Boat Dive
Drift diving
Night diving
Wreck diving
Cave diving
Diving in limited visibility

172. DIVE PLANNING

Buddy Selection
Dive Site Selection
Emergency Procedures
Dive Planning “At Dive Site”

173. THE BUDDY SYSTEM

Standard Practice
Cooperative Planning
Assistance
Safety
Shared Experience
Buddy Selection
Dive “Control”
Non-Dependency

174. BUDDY AGREEMENTS

Plan Your Dive &
Dive Your Plan
Together!
Entry & Exit Locations
Underwater Swim Course
Maximum Depth & Time
Turn & Reserve Pressure
Communication
Procedure If Separated
Emergency Procedures

175. DIVER COMMUNICATION

GO
UP!
GO
DOWN!
Hand Signals Underwater
Hand Signals On Surface
Whistles & Pneumatic “Screamers”
Tank “Bangers”
Slate & Pencil
Flashlight
Diver Recall Devices
Wireless Electronic Communication

176. SELECTING A DIVE BUDDY

Level Of Training
Similar Training
Experience
- General
- Current Environment
Prior Knowledge
Last Dive
Equipment
Fitness
- Physical
- Emotional
Maturity
Social Habits
Non-Dependent
Reputation
Your Comfort Level

177. SELECTING A DIVE SITE “Consistent With Training & Experience Of Both Divers”

SELECTING A DIVE SITE
“Consistent With Training & Experience Of Both Divers”
Talk To Other Divers
Local Inquiry
Guidebooks/Charts
Seminars
Film Festivals
Dive Magazines
Travel Agents
Restrictions
- Laws & Regulations
- Local Policies

178. PRE-DIVE PLANNING “AT DIVE SITE”

Dive Objectives
Environmental Analysis
- Dive Conditions
- Special Techniques
- Hazards
Risk-Benefit Assessment
- “To Dive Or Not To Dive?”
Surface Support Person
Verify Emergency Assistance Procedures
Entry Point, Swim Course, Exit Point
Dive Separation Procedures
Depth, Time, Cylinder Pressure, & Turn Around
Criteria

179. RISK-PLEASURE ASSESSMENT

Factor That Place Diver At Risk
- Environment
- Buddy
- Inadequate Equipment
- Emotional Discomfort
- Unknowns
“Is The Pleasure Or Benefit That I Will Derive
From This Dive Worth The Risks?”

180. EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE PLAN

Communication
EMS & Transportation
Medical Facility
Chamber
First Aid
- Oxygen Equipment
- Qualified Personnel
IANTD Diver First Aid
IANTD/DAN Oxygen Provider
IANTD Rescue Diver

181. TIME MANAGEMENT

Gas &/Or Time Control Dive
No-Decompression Limit
Swim Time
Turn Time
Ascent Time
Safety Stop

182. GAS SUPPLY DURATION IS A FUNCTION OF:

Depth
Respiratory Minute Volume
- Work Load
- Emotion Status
- Carbon Dioxide Retention

183. GAS SUPPLY DURATION VS. DEPTH

Time (Minutes)
GAS SUPPLY DURATION
VS. DEPTH
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
100
50
33,3
25
0
33/10
66/20
Depth (fsw/msw)
99/30
20
132/40

184. ESTIMATED AVAILABLE DIVE TIME

Estimated Available Dive Time (Minutes)
80 cu ft/12 L Cylinder with 500 psi/34 bar Reserve
SAC
(cfm)
0.40
SAC
(lpm)
11
Surface
0.50
14
134
67
45
34
27
0.75
21
89
43
30
22
18
1.00
28
67
34
22
17
13
1.25
35
54
27
18
14
11
1.50
42.5
45
23
15
11
9
168
33 fsw
66 fsw
99 fsw 132 fsw
(10 msw) (20 msw) (30 msw) (40 msw)
84
56
42
34

185. NAVIGATION

Depends On:
- Visibility
- Bottom Topography
- Mission Requirements
Natural Feature Navigation
Compass Navigation

186. UNDERWATER NAVIGATION

Navigate By Natural Features
Compass Navigation
- Features Of Compass
- Wrist Compass
- Console Mounted Compass
Compass Boards
Basic Navigation Techniques
- Compass Management
- Point-To-Point Swimming
- Using Kick Count Or Time To Measure Distance

187. LET’S GO DIVING

Surface Swimming
Descending
Underwater Swim
Ascending
Dive documentation

188. ARRIVAL AT BEACH

Evaluate Water Conditions
- First Activity
Before Putting On Equipment
- Waves, Weather, Hazards
- Do Not Dive If Conditions Are Poor
Enjoy Another Activity
Find Another Dive Area

189. SURF ENTRY

Before Entry
- Study Wave Pattern & Size
- Select Low Wave Period
Don Fins At Water Edge
Regulator In Mouth
Buddies Side-by-Side
Float Between Divers & Shore
Back Into Water
- Look Over Shoulder
- Watch For Oncoming Waves
- Maintain Direction Of Movement
Wave About To Hit
- Hold Mask
- Stop & Stabilize
- Lean Into Wave
Once Wave Passes
- Move Quickly
Begin Swimming When Deep
Enough
Swim Under Breaking Waves
Clear Surf Zone ASAP
Rejoin Buddy If Separated
May Surface Swim To Descent
Location

190. SURFACE SWIMMING

BCD Partially Inflated
- Avoid Over-Inflation
Steady, Comfortable Pace
Streamline Body
Use Snorkel Or Swim On Back Or Use BC Like
A Surf Board
Fins Below Surface
- May Swim On Side
Check Location, Direction, & Buddy

191. DESCENDING

Location
Controlled Descent
- Proper Weight Selection
- Deflate BCD
- Equalize Early & Often
- Line Descents
Maintain Buddy Contact
Maintain Buoyancy Control

192. UNDERWATER SWIM

Proper Buoyancy
Good Swim Posture
Orientation
Navigation
- Natural Features
- Compass
Swim Path
Time & Air Supply
Preselected Location For Ascent

193. ASCENDING

Outside Of Surf Zone
Preselected Location
Safety Stop
- Midwater
- Shallow Bottom
Avoid Surge
Normal Ascend
Inflate BCD At Surface

194. UP CLOSE & PERSONAL THE “FREE” ASCENT CONTROLLED EMERGENCY SWIMMING ASCENT

UP CLOSE & PERSONAL
THE “FREE” ASCENT
CONTROLLED EMERGENCY SWIMMING ASCENT
Independent
No Risk To Fellow Diver
No Equipment Required
No Cost
Immediately Available
Relatively Simple Skill
Risk Of Pulmonary Barotrauma

195. BUOYANT ASCENT

Independent
No Risk To Fellow Diver
No Cost
Immediately Available
BCD Inflation
Weight Belt Release
Reduced Control
Risk Of Overhead Obstructions
Risk Of Pulmonary Barotrauma

196. UP CLOSE & PERSONAL “BUDDY BREATHING” ASCENT

UP CLOSE & PERSONAL
“BUDDY BREATHING”
ASCENT
Dependent On Fellow Diver
Complex Coordinated Skill
Seldom Practiced After Initial Training
Two Divers At Risk
High Stress
No Special Equipment Requirement
Risk Of Pulmonary Barotrauma
Risk Of Disease Transmission
History Of Failure

197. KEY POINTS

Record On Slate
- Orientation Marker (Anchor Clump)
- Check Current: Swim Into Current!
- Beginning Pressure: 2700 psig
- Turn Pressure: 1700 psig
- Turn Time: 18 minutes
- Maximum Bottom Time: 36 minutes
- Safety Stop: 15 fsw For 3 minutes
- Use 1/2 + 200 Gas Management Rule

198. SURF EXIT

Observe Wave Pattern & Size
- Evaluate & Discuss With
Buddy
- Wait For Low Wave Set
Regulator In Mouth
Swim Toward Shore Quickly
- Hand On Mask
- Free Hand In Front
- Push Float Ahead
- Swim To Knee Deep Water
Don’t Stop In Surf (If
Possible)
Crawl Or Walk From Water
- Fins On
On Coming Waves
- Stop & Stabilize
- Hold Mask
- Lean Into Wave
Wave May Carry You Up
Beach Face

199. DIVE DOCUMENTATION

Immediate (On Slate)
-
Maximum Depth
Multi-Level Profile
Bottom Time
Exit Time
End Cylinder Pressure
Special Notations
Later (IANTD Recreational Logbook)
- Date, Location, Conditions, Depth/Time,
Buddy, Observations, Impressions, Etc.

200. BOAT DIVES “KNOW YOUR BOAT”

Bow
Stern
Starboard & Port
Leeward & Windward
Bridge
Head
Galley
Lifesaving Equipment

201. BOAT DIVING

Descend Down Line
Swim Into Current
Navigation & Orientation
Gas Management Rules
Surface In Front Of Boat
OK Signal To Crew

202. DRIFT DIVING

Preparation
Lead Diver With Surface Marker Float
Rapid Deployment & Descent
Movement Underwater
- Current Greatest At Surface; Least At Bottom
- Drifting & Maneuvering
- Do Not Swim Against Current
Ascent & Retrieval

203. DIVING AT NIGHT

Challenging The Unknown (Adventure)
Night Time Marine Life
Need For Navigation Techniques
- Natural Features (Walls, Slopes, Etc.)
- Compass Navigation
Equipment (Lights)
Proper Site Selection
Dive Planning & Execution
IANTD Night Diver Specialty

204. SHIPWRECK DIVING

Great Lakes, East Coast, Florida, Truk
Lagoon, Scotland, UK, & Worldwide
Historical Interest, Artificial Reefs
(Marine Life), Adventure
Specialty Training & Equipment
Penetration Dives
Risk Factors
Hazard Avoidance
IANTD Wreck Diver

205. CAVERN & CAVE DIVING

CAVERN & CAVE
DIVING
Sinkholes & Submerged Caves & Caverns
-
North Florida & Bahamas
Australia
Mediterranean Coast
Worldwide
Special Training & Equipment
Cavern Diving
- See Light At Entrance
- No Greater Than 130Feet (39 meters) [Depth + Penetration]
Cave Diving
-
High Risk Activity (Getting Lost; Gas Depletion & Drowning)
Large Gas Supply With Redundancy
Special Lights With Redundancy
Lines & Line Reels
IANTD Cavern / Cave Diver

206. DIVING IN LIMITED VISIBILITY WATER

Cause Of Limited Visibility
- Suspended Sediment & Biological Activity
- Tidal Influence & Thermal Structure
- Diver Activity
Added Risks
- Buddy Separation
- Entanglement
- Psychological Stress For Some

207. CONCLUSIONS

Plan Your Dive & Dive Your Plan
Find A Good Dive Buddy
Manage Your Gas Supply
Manage Nitrogen In Your Body
Be aware Of The Diving Environment
Boat/Drift/Night/Wreck/Cave/Limited
Visibility Diving

208. Dealing with Diver Problems and Injuries Unit 7

Know Thyself
Stress Management
Underwater Problem Management
Diver Rescue
Diver Injury Management
Conclusions

209. THE THINKING DIVER

“Know Thyself”
Diver Must Understand “Self”
Know Personal Capability &
Limitations
Diving Is 60% Brains & 40% Brawn
Working Knowledge Of Physics &
Hyperbaric Physiology
Anticipation & Adaptation
Self-Sufficiency
Attitude

210. STRESSORS

CATEGORY 1
Conditioned Response
Recklessness
Risk Taking
Personal Limitation
Peer Pressure
Ego Threat
Surprise
Unfamiliarity
Perceived Threat
CATEGORY 2
Equipment Difficulties
Time Pressure
Task Loading
In Harms Way
CATEGORY 3
Medical Problems
Medications
Alcohol & Drugs

211. MENTAL PREPARATION FOR A DIVE

Affirmation
- A Personal Positive Statement
- Avoid “Negative” Statement
Visualization
-
Close Your Eyes, Relax, & Breathe
Draw A Mental Picture Of A Safe & Enjoyable Dive
Visualize Yourself In Harmony With The Environment
If You Visualize A Problem Or Bad Condition, Do Not
Make The Dive!

212. PREVENTING STRESS

Overlearned & Maintain Skills
Good Diving Technique & Buoyancy Control
Be A Thinking Diver
Good Physical Condition
Develop A “Survival Attitude”
Be A “Non-Dependent” Diver
Progressive Acquisition Of Experience
Know You Environment
Learn To Anticipate & Avoid Problems
Know When To Say NO! &, Say It!

213.

STRESS
More Increase In
Breathing Rate &
Greater Perceptual
Narrowing
PANIC
CYCLE
Threat
(Real Or Perceived)
Increased
Breathing Rate
& Perceptual
Narrowing
Reaction
Stop
Self-Doubt & Control Breathing
Ignore Problem
Evaluate Situation
Solve Problem

214. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

Self-Sufficient
- Non-Dependent
Capable Of Assisting
Additional Training
- First Aid/CPR
- Rescue
Prevention
- Know Your Capabilities & Limitations
- Anticipate & Prevent Problems

215. DIVE PROBLEMS

Overexertion
Coughing *
Seasickness
Cramps *
Loss Of Gas Supply *
Buoyancy Problems
Entanglement
Regulator Free-Flow *
Cylinder Release *
Caught In Current
Diver Separation
Disorientation
Underwater Entanglement
Underwater Injury
* Practice In Confined Water

216. COMMON DIVER MISTAKES

Poor Buoyancy
Control
Problems At The
Surface
Mask Removal
Not Practicing Skills
Not Monitoring Gauges
Unfamiliar With
Equipment
Failure To Check
Equipment
Poor Equipment Care

217. COMMON DIVER MISTAKES (Continued)

Not Understand Dive
Not Asking
Tables
Questions
Not Planning The Not Understand
Computer
Dive
Failure To Adjust To
Complacency
Change
Exceeding Personal Failure To See A
Limits
Doctor

218. GAS FAILURE OPTIONS Listed In order Of ideal preference

Use Of Pony Cylinder
Breathing From A Dual Outlet Valve With A
Long Hose On The Handoff Regulator
Octopus Breathing
Buddy Breathing
Tiny SCUBA
Free Ascent
Buoyant Ascent

219. BUOYANCY PROBLEMS Loss Of buoyancy Gain Of buoyancy

BUOYANCY PROBLEMS
Loss Of buoyancy
Over-Weighted Diver Or
BCD Failure
Case Of BCD Discharge
Valve Sticking
Avoid Through Pre-Dive
Equipment Inspection
Know Your Equipment
Discard Weight Belt
Gain Of buoyancy
Inflator Failure
Loss Of Weight Belt
EXHALE!
Discharge Air From
BCD Or Suit
Disconnect Inflation Unit
Pre-Dive Inspection
Post-Event Monitoring &
Equipment Repair

220. REGULATOR FREE-FLOW

Press Regulator To Lips
Breathe Gas As Needed
Let Excess air Escape
Do Not Seal Mouth On Regulator

221. SCUBA CYLINDER RELEASE

Improper Equipment Assembly
Remain Calm
Check Gas Supply Pressure
Buddy Assistance (Replace Or Carry
Cylinder To Surface)

222. CAUGHT IN A CURRENT

Be Prepared! Signal Tube & Bright Hood
Inflate BCD
Immediately Signal Boat (Hand & Whistle)
Do Not Struggle Against Current
Display Visual Signal
Shore Diving (Swim To Alternate Exit Point)

223. DIVER SEPARATION PROCEDURE

Stop, Look, Listen
Search (1 Minute)
Surface
Reunite
Buddy Does Not Surface
- Mark Location
- Call For Assistance
- Don’t Place Self At Risk

224. ENTANGLEMENT

Monofilament Fish Line & Fish Nets
Common Sense Caution (Wrecks & Docks)
Carry A Line Cutter
Buddy Assistance
Stop, Breathe, Think, Resolve
Slowly & Commonly Assess Status &
Untangle Yourself

225. SURFACE PROBLEM MANAGEMENT

Prevention
- Dive Within Capability Window
- Relaxation
- Positive Buoyancy
When You Reach The Surface
BCD Use
If Problem
- Inflate BCD Or Drop Weight Belt
- Stop, Think, Then Act
- Signal For Assistance

226. PROBLEM RECOGNITION

Diver Status
- About To Have Problem
- Has Problem
Appearance
-
Anxious
Rapid, Shallow Breathing
Distracted
Quick, Jerky Movements
Mask Off-Regulator Out

227. ASSISTING A DIVER (AT SURFACE)

Rule 1: Do Not Place Yourself At Risk!
-
Inflate Your BCD
Stop, Think, Act
Approach Cautiously
Avoid Grasp
Verbal Rescue
- Talk To Diver
Relax
Inflate BCD
Call For Assistance

228. ASSISTING A DIVER (UNDERWATER)

Rule 1: Do Not Place Yourself At Risk!
- Stop, Think, Act
- Approach Cautiously
- Avoid Grasp
Reassure
- OK Sign
- Touch
Caution
Controlled Ascent
Out-of-Air Ascent

229. SPECIAL TRAINING

Standard First Aid & CPR (IANTD
First Aid)
IANTD Rescue Diver Specialty
Course
IANTD-DAN Oxygen Provider
Course
Recommended For All Divers!

230. CONCLUSIONS

Most Injuries Are Preventable
Training In First Aid & CPR For All
(IANTD First Aid, IANTD-DAN Oxygen
Provider, IANTD Rescue Diver)
Recognize & Acknowledge Injury
Assisting a Diver

231. Beyond Basic Training Unit 8

The
Critical Period
Continuing Education
Conclusions

232. THE CRITICAL PERIOD

Learn
About You
Progressive
Repetitious
Maintain Skills
Continuing Education
Review Courses

233. IANTD Sport Diver Programs

Openwater
Diver
Openwater
EANx(Rebreather) Diver
Specialty Programs
Diver First Aid
Adv. Openwater
Diver
EANx
Diver
Oxygen
Provider
Wreck/Cavern
Diver
Deep Diver
Intro Cave
Diver
Advanced EANx
Diver
Rebreather
Diver
Divemaster

234. IANTD Sport Diver Programs

Snorkeling Diver
Openwater Free Diver
Advanced Free Diver
Master Free Diver

235. IANTD Technical Programs

Cave
(Technical)
Diver
Technical
Diver
Advanced
Cave
Diver
Normoxic
Trimix
Diver
Technical
Diver
Supervisor
Cave
Diver
Supervisor
Technical
Wreck Diver
Supervisor
Trimix
Diver
Supervisor
Trimix
Diver
Trimix
Blender
Wreck
(Technical)
Diver
Technical
Rebreather
Diver
Technical
Rebreather
Supervisor

236. IANTD Instructor Programs

Openwater
EANx
Instructor
Oxygen Provider
Instructor
Advanced
EANx
Instructor
Divemaster
EANx Overhead
Instructor
Intro Cave
Instructor
Technical
Instructor
Rebreather
Instructor
EANx Blender
Instructor
EANx Wreck
Instructor
EANx Cave
Instructor
Trimix
Instructor
Technical
Rebreather
Instructor
Life Support
Service Systems
Technician

237. SUMMARY

Diving can be a safe and enjoyable activity.
Developing a diver : Experience - Training
Do not lose your skills and knowledge.
Dive frequently!

238. WELLCOME TO IANTD

Diving Location : The World