Обстоятельство

1.

THE ADVERBIAL MODIFIER:
Обстоятельство

2.

ОБСТОЯТЕЛЬСТВО
Может стоять перед и после сказуемого.
Выражено:
наречием,
существительным (с предлогом),
герундием (с предлогом),
инфинитивом,
причастием или причастным оборотом,
придаточным обстоятельственным предложением.

3.

ОБСТОЯТЕЛЬСТВО, ВЫРАЖЕННОЕ
ИНФИНИТИВОМ:
c союзами to, in order to, so as to, so that –
чтобы,
lest -чтобы не/как бы не
Examples:
To get better results we should work harder.
In order to get better results we should work hard.
Computers were designed to perform thousands of
computations per second.
You should upgrade the program in order to improve
your computer performance.
Processing is operations on data to convert them into useful
information.
I wrote down his number in order not to forget it.
We left the house earlier so as not to be late.
He closed the door quietly, so as not to disturb anyone.

4.

LEST -ЧТОБЫ НЕ/КАК БЫ НЕ
He
reads a lot of books in the original lest he fail
an exam
He listened to music wearing headphones lest he
disturb anyone.
There is a need to accelerate the reform process,
lest we lose the momentum.
Put your tools away lest people fall over them.
Different applications of digital technologies
were used lest there be carbon emissions.

5.

ПЕРЕВОД
1. Чтобы доказать это предположение, нужно
провести несколько опытов.
2. Чтобы создать искусственный интеллект,
над ним должны работать специалисты из
разных областей.
3. Чтобы получить эту должность, Вам
необходимо много работать.
4. Необходимо установить антивирус, чтобы
избежать проблем с компьютером
5. Мне нужно две недели, чтобы выполнить это
задание.
6. Нужно выбрать другую сеть, чтоб избежать
помех.

6.

ОБСТОЯТЕЛЬСТВЕННЫЕ ПРИДАТОЧНЫЕ
ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
They gathered together around the table so that they could see each
other.
I have invited you so that you can get acquainted with all these people.
Please be quiet so (that) I can concentrate on my work.
He took his laptop on board so (that) he could work during the
flight.
We installed new lock so (that) the robbers couldn't break into
the house.
Необходимо перезагрузить компьютер, чтоб он быстрей
работал.
Необходимо установить антивирус, чтобы хакеры не взломали
компьютер.
Необходимо выучить правило, чтобы сдать экзамен.
Необходимо выучить правило, чтобы профессор поставил
хорошую оценку
Я пришлю тебе материалы, чтобы ты успел выполнить все
вовремя

7.

ИНФИНИТИВ В ФУНКЦИИ ОБСТОЯТЕЛЬСТВА,
ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕГО, ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ
1.You must use such a device to produce output
in a human-readable format.
2. To produce output in a human-readable format
as our aim.
To pass exam I work hard
To pass exam is important
To travel a lot you need to earn a lot of money
To travel a lot is my dream
3. To produce output in a human-readable
format you must use such device as a printer.
4. A printer is a device to produce output in a
human-readable format

8.

ОБСТОЯТЕЛЬСТВО, ВЫРАЖЕННОЕ
ГЕРУНДИЕМ, ПРИЧАСТИЕМ
Обстоятельство времени
(after, before, when, on (upon), Perfect)
After reading the text we shall be able to answer
these questions.
On (upon) reading the text we shall be able to
answer the questions.
Having visited the art exhibition, the students
organized a discussion.
When translated this article was sent to the
editor.

9.

ПЕРЕВОД
Having obtained the required results we
informed the manager of this fact.
Having finished the research the scientists
made the analysis of the data obtained.
Having been constructed recently a new
electronic device has important
applications in space exploration.
Having been regulated by the operator the
equipment operated well.
Having been coded the instruction was
transmitted to the central processing unit.

10.

ПЕРЕВОД
When asked, he refused to answer.
When properly programmed, computers do
not make computational errors.
When tested, the engine was put into operation.
When choosing a monitor, you have to take into
account a few basics.
When written in a symbolic language programs
require the translation into the machine
language.

11.

ОБСТОЯТЕЛЬСТВО, ВЫРАЖЕННОЕ
ГЕРУНДИЕМ:
с предлогами after, before, without, by, through, on(upon), in
Examples:
After reading the text we will be able to answer these
questions.
Only after having used these devices we could improve the
process quality.
Mr Black went out without saying a word.
By using the data the scientists could prove the research.
(Up)on reading the text we will be able to answer these
questions.
In solving problems it is necessary to distinguish between a
fact and a hypothesis.
Through working with young children for the last 40 years,
she has come to understand their behavior better than any
other.

12.

ОБСТОЯТЕЛЬСТВО, ВЫРАЖЕННОЕ
ПРИЧАСТИЕМ:
с союзами while, when, if, in spite of, despite, although
Examples:
He left the room saying that he was in a hurry.
Having visited the art exhibition, the students organized
a discussion.
Being invited he said he would come to our evening
party.
Having been warmed to 0°C ice began to melt.
This melting ice keeps the same temperature while/when
melting.
When translated this article was sent to the editor.
If increased, the prices influence the standard of living.

13.

НЕЗАВИСИМЫЙ ПРИЧАСТНЫЙ ОБОРОТ
(ИНОГДА С ПРЕДЛОГОМ WITH):
1 тип: в первой части
D.Mendeleev having arranged the
The CPU controls the operation
elements in a table, the existence of yet of the entire system, commands
unknown elements could be predicted
being issued to other parts of the
system
После того как Д.И.Менделеев
расположил химические элементы в
таблице, ученые смогли предсказать
существование тогда еще неизвестных
элементов
2 тип: во второй части
Центральный процессорный
блок управляет работой всей
системы, при этом команды
посылаются к другим частям
With the experiment having been carried системы
out, they started new investigations
С союзами а, и, но, при этом
Теперь, когда (после того как) опыты
были закончены, они начали новые
исследования
С союзами когда, так как, если, после
того как

14.

КОГДА, ТАК КАК, ЕСЛИ, ПОСЛЕ ТОГО КАК
НПО, ГЛАВНОЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЕ
The door being open, we came in.
His work finished,
The classes being over, we left the university.
It being late, I decided to come back home.
The weather being fine, we went out for a walk. /
The student knowing English well, the teacher
asked him to meet the delegation
He helps me with physics, I helping him with
mathematics.

15.

1. Data being accessed randomly, semiconductor memories are called
random access memory (RAM). 2. The information capacity of a single
bit being limited to two alternatives, codes are based on combination
of bits. 3. Primary storage having similarity to a function of the
human brain, the storage is also called memory. 4. Electromechanical
memories depend upon moving mechanical parts, their data access
time being longer than that of electronic memories. 5. For this reason
most computer systems use electronic memory for primary storage,
electromechanical memory being used for secondary storage. 6. The
necessary data having been obtained, we would continue our
experiment. 7. Data having been entered correctly into the computer
component of a data processing system, the need for further
manipulation by humans is eliminated. 8. Other theories having so
far proved inadequate, dynamo theories of the origin of solar fields
are regarded as the most promising. 9. With the technology
developments going on at its present rate, companies in every
industry sector will see big enormous*76 changes. 10. The session was
over, with many aspects of the problem left unsolved. 11. The CPU
controls the operation of the entire*77 system, commands being issued
to other parts of the system.12. With the electric current passing
through the device, we can measure light intensity incident on the
cathode.

16.

ОБСТОЯТЕЛЬСТВЕННЫЕ ПРИДАТОЧНЫЕ
ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
1) Придаточные места
Where there is a will there is a deed
2) Придаточные времени
Consistency will increase as the process progresses
3) Придаточные уступительные
Although the new method can be used to study these
systems we will use the old one.

17.

ОБСТОЯТЕЛЬСТВЕННЫЕ ПРИДАТОЧНЫЕ
ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
4) Придаточные цели
Two different sources were used, lest there be
interference
They gathered together around the table so that they
could review the procedures they now follow
5) Придаточные причины
Since computers are faster at calculations, they can test
every possible move on the board

18.

ОБСТОЯТЕЛЬСТВЕННЫЕ ПРИДАТОЧНЫЕ
ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
6) Придаточные условия
If I touch the wrong button by mistake I’ll lose all my work
7) Союзные слова с усилительной частицей ever:
a) however+прил/нар = как бы ни, каким бы …ни
However difficult the problem may be it must be solved
b) however = однако, тем не менее
This is not so, however, in the case of this compound
c) whatever+сущ/мест = что бы ни, каким бы ни был
Whatever they do the results of their work are always good
d) whenever = когда бы ни, всегда когда, всякий раз как
The mercury pool must be replaced whatever a solution is discharged
e) whichever = который (бы ни), независимо от того
A mixture of the two compounds is formed whichever one is used
initially

19.

ПЕРЕВОД ГЕРУНДИАЛЬНЫХ ОБОРОТОВ:
1) His being sent to London was quite unexpected to us.
2) I heard of your friends having accepted your offer.

20.

ВАШИ ПРИМЕРЫ:
Инфинитив
в функции
обстоятельства
Герундий (V+ing) в функции
обстоятельства
Причастие в функции
обстоятельства
Независимый причастный
оборот