Modals

1.

2.

Permission
Ability
Obligation
Prohibition
Advice
Criticism

3.

Permission
Ability
Obligation
Prohibition
Advice
Criticism
MAY
May/could/can I go on the trip next
COULD+ V (pr./fut.) week?
CAN

4.

Permission
MAY
COULD+ V
CAN
* Be allowed to
(past)
Ability
Obligation
Prohibition
Advice
Criticism
May/could/can I go on the trip next
week?
* I was allowed to go on the trip.

5.

Permission
MAY
COULD+ V
CAN
May/could/can I go on the trip next week?
CAN+ V (pr./fut.)
She can speak Arabic.
* Be allowed to (past)
Ability
Obligation
Prohibition
Advice
Criticism
* I was allowed to go on the trip.

6.

Permission
MAY
COULD+ V
CAN
May/could/can I go on the trip next week?
CAN+ V (pr./fut.) =
She can speak Arabic.
We can/will be able to go to the concert
tomorrow.
* Be allowed to (past)
Ability
Obligation
Prohibition
Advice
Criticism
*will be able to (fut.)
* I was allowed to go on the trip.

7.

Permission
MAY
COULD + V
CAN
May/could/can I go on the trip next week?
CAN (pr./fut.) + V =
She can speak Arabic.
We can/will be able to go to the concert
tomorrow.
He could read when he was 5.
I wish I could go with you tomorrow.
* Be allowed to (past)
Ability
*will be able to (fut.)
COULD + V (past/
unreal sit. pr./ fut.)
Obligation
Prohibition
Advice
Criticism
* I was allowed to go on the trip.

8.

Permission
MAY
COULD + V
CAN
May/could/can I go on the trip next week?
CAN (pr./fut.) + V =
She can speak Arabic.
We can/will be able to go to the concert
tomorrow.
He could read when he was 5.
I wish I could go with you tomorrow.
I could have bought that car.(but I didn’t)
* Be allowed to
(past)
Ability
*will be able to (fut.)
COULD + V (past/
unreal sit. pr./ fut.)
COULD +
(past)
Obligation
Prohibition
Advice
Criticism
* I was allowed to go on the trip.

9.

Permission
MAY
COULD + V
CAN
* Be allowed to (past)
Ability
May/could/can I go on the trip next
week?
* I was allowed to go on the trip.
CAN (pr./fut.) + V =
She can speak Arabic.
*will be able to (fut.)
We can/will be able to go to the concert
tomorrow.
COULD + V (past/ unreal He could read when he was 5.
sit. pr./ fut.)
I wish I could go with you tomorrow.
COULD +
I could have bought that car.
(past)
Obligation
Prohibition
Advice
Criticism
MUST+ V(strong or
personal)pr./fut.
I must be at home by 11 o’clock.

10.

Permission
MAY
COULD + V
CAN
* Be allowed to (past)
Ability
May/could/can I go on the trip next
week?
* I was allowed to go on the trip.
CAN (pr./fut.) + V =
She can speak Arabic.
*will be able to (fut.)
We can/will be able to go to the concert
tomorrow.
COULD + V (past/ unreal He could read when he was 5.
sit. pr./ fut.)
I wish I could go with you tomorrow.
COULD +
I could have bought that car.
(past)
Obligation
Necessity
Prohibition
Advice
Criticism
MUST+ V
(strong or
personal)pr./fut.
HAVE TO (external)pr./fut
I must be at home by 11 o’clock.
We have to study for a test. (Do we have
to study…?)

11.

Permission
MAY
COULD + V
CAN
* Be allowed to (past)
Ability
CAN (pr./fut.) + V =
Obligation
MUST+ V(strong or
Necessity
Prohibition
Lack of
necessity
Advice
Criticism
May/could/can I go on the trip next
week?
* I was allowed to go on the trip.
She can speak Arabic.
*will be able to (fut.)
We can/will be able to go to the concert
tomorrow.
COULD + V (past/ unreal He could read when he was 5.
sit. pr./ fut.)
I wish I could go with you tomorrow.
personal)pr./fut.
HAVE TO (external)pr./fut
HAD TO (past)
I must be at home by 11 o’clock.
We have to study for a test.
He had to tidy his room last night. (Did
he …?)
MUSTN’T +V
You mustn’t eat that!

12.

Permission
MAY
COULD + V
CAN
* Be allowed to (past)
Ability
CAN (pr./fut.) + V =
Obligation
MUST+ V(strong or
Necessity
HAD TO (past)
Prohibition
Lack of
necessity
Advice
Criticism
May/could/can I go on the trip next
week?
* I was allowed to go on the trip.
She can speak Arabic.
*will be able to (fut.)
We can/will be able to go to the concert
tomorrow.
COULD + V (past/ unreal He could read when he was 5.
sit. pr./ fut.)
I wish I could go with you tomorrow.
personal)pr./fut.
HAVE TO (external)pr./fut
MUSTN’T +V
DON’T/DIDN’T HAVE
TO +V
I must be at home by 11 o’clock.
We have to study for a test.
He had to tidy his room last night. (Did
he …?)
You mustn’t eat that!
You don’t have to eat that. (you can if you
want to but it’s not necessary)

13.

Permission
MAY
COULD + V
CAN
* Be allowed to (past)
Ability
CAN (pr./fut.) + V =
Obligation
MUST+ V(strong or
Necessity
HAD TO (past)
May/could/can I go on the trip next
week?
* I was allowed to go on the trip.
She can speak Arabic.
*will be able to (fut.)
We can/will be able to go to the concert
tomorrow.
COULD + V (past/ unreal He could read when he was 5.
sit. pr./ fut.)
I wish I could go with you tomorrow.
personal)pr./fut.
HAVE TO (external)pr./fut.
I must be at home by 11 o’clock.
We have to study for a test.
He had to tidy his room last night. (Did
he …?)
Prohibition
Lack of
necessity
MUSTN’T +V
DON’T/DIDN’T HAVE
TO +V
You mustn’t eat that!
You don’t have to eat that. (you can if you
Advice
Criticism
SHOULD/OUGHT TO+V
We should/ ought to eat less fast food.
(pr./fut.)
want to but it’s not necessary)

14.

Permission
MAY
COULD + V
CAN
* Be allowed to (past)
Ability
CAN (pr./fut.) + V =
Obligation
MUST+ V(strong or
Necessity
HAD TO (past)
May/could/can I go on the trip next
week?
* I was allowed to go on the trip.
She can speak Arabic.
*will be able to (fut.)
We can/will be able to go to the concert
tomorrow.
COULD + V (past/ unreal He could read when he was 5.
sit. pr./ fut.)
I wish I could go with you tomorrow.
personal)pr./fut.
HAVE TO (external)pr./fut.
I must be at home by 11 o’clock.
We have to study for a test.
He had to tidy his room last night. (Did
he …?)
Prohibition
Lack of
necessity
MUSTN’T +V
DON’T/DIDN’T HAVE
TO +V
You mustn’t eat that!
You don’t have to eat that. (you can if you
Advice
Criticism
SHOULD/OUGHT TO+V
SHOULD/OUGHT
TO+
We should eat less fast food.
You should have studied harder.
want to but it’s not necessary)