Syntax. Part 1

1.

Syntax part 1
1. Syntax as part of Grammar
2. The phrase as the basic unit of syntax
3. Simple sentence and its types in
English
4. Sentence and its parts
5. Word Order in English

2.

Syntax is a branch of Grammar
that studies the patterns of
formation of sentences and
phrases from words as well as
rules for this formation.

3.

Syntax as part of Grammar
Syntagm ['sɪntæm] (Gr. sýntagma ‘that which is put
together in order’) is a structured syntactic sequence of
linguistic elements formed by segmentation
There are four main types of notional syntagmas:
predicative (the combination of a subject and a
predicate),
objective (-/- a verb and its object),
attributive (a noun and attribute),
adverbial (a modified notional word, such as a verb,
adjective, or adverb, with its adverbial modifier).

4.

The phrase as the basic unit of syntax
The phrase is any syntactically organized group
including either notional words (happy life, very nice, to
ignore the comment), or both notional and functional
words (on the table, in the bag, under the tree)
connected with any of the existent types of syntactic
connection. It is a linear language unit that can be
either a part of the sentence, or a separate sentence
(Very Good!) thus acquiring not only intonation coloring
and corresponding phrase stress, but also
communicative orientation.

5.

The phrase as the basic unit of syntax
Noun Phrases- consists of a noun and all its modifiers: The bewildered tourist was lost.
Verb Phrases consists of a verb and all its modifiers. He was waiting for the rain to stop.
Gerund Phrases is simply a noun phrase that starts with a gerund. Taking my dog for a walk is fun.
Infinitive Phrases is a noun phrase that begins with an infinitive verb. To make lemonade, you have to
start with lemons
Appositive Phrases restate and define a noun. They consist of one or more words. Her horse, an Arabian,
was her pride and joy.
Participial Phrases begin with a past or present participle. Washed with my clothes, my cell phone no
longer worked
Prepositional Phrases begin with a preposition and can act as a noun, an adjective or an adverb. The book
was on the table.
Absolute Phrases has a subject, but not an action verb, so it cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. It
modifies the whole sentence, not just a noun. Picnic basket in hand, she set off for her date.

6.

Simple sentence and its types in English

7.

Simple sentence and its types in English
According to the purpose of the
utterance, sentences are:
• Declarative
• Interrogative
• The imperative
• Exclamatory

8.

Sentence and its parts
Subject – a syntactic unit that functions as one of
the two main constituents of a simple sentence,
the other being the predicate, and that consists of
a noun, noun phrase, or noun substitute which
often refers to the one performing the action or
being in the state expressed by the predicate, as
He in He gave notice.
Simple :He gave notice
Complex :He is expected to arrive to-morrow.
‘Dummy’: It’s not raining, is it?
Compound Subjects: Rahul and Punit are going to
college.

9.

Sentence and its parts
The predicate serves to assert something about the subject
is dependent on the subject and agrees with it in number
and person

10.

Sentence and its parts
Object is a noun, noun phrase, or noun substitute
representing by its syntactical position either the goal of
the action of a verb or the goal of a preposition in a
prepositional phrase
Direct: Jack caught a fish
Indirect: Give her a fish
Object of a preposition: Cook without salt
Complex: He saw her enter the shop.

11.

Sentence and its parts
Attribute - a word or phrase that is syntactically
subordinate to another and serves to limit, identify,
particularize, describe, or supplement the meaning of the
form with which it is in construction

12.

Sentence and its parts
An adverbial modifier is a secondary part of the sentence which modifies the verb-predicate,
or a verbal in any of its functions, denoting the time, place, manner, etc. of an action
According to their meaning adverbial modifiers may be classified as follows:
a.
Adverbial modifiers of place:
b.
Adverbial modifiers of time:
c.
Adverbial modifiers of manner or attending circumstances:
d.
Adverbial modifiers of degree:
e.
Adverbial modifiers of cause:
f.
Adverbial modifiers of purpose:
g.
Adverbial modifiers of measure (time, distance, cost, weight):
h.
Adverbial modifiers of result:
i.
Adverbial modifiers of condition:
j) Adverbial modifiers of concession:
к) Adverbial modifier of exclusion or substitution introduced by except, save, but, instead, etc.

13.

Word order
Direct
(1) the subject;
(2) the predicate;
(3) objects;
(4) adverbial modifiers.
Inverted
And here comes the sun!!!

14.

Compound sentences in English
A compound sentence consists of two or more independent sentences
connected by way of co-ordination; each independent sentence is called an
independent clause.
• The clauses can be connected syndetically – with the help of conjunctions:
(and, not only . . . but (also), neither . . . nor, now, then, or, otherwise, else,
either . etc.
Neither the moon was visible in this dark night nor were the stars.
• or a s y n d e t i c a l l y .
They appeared at the appointed time, everything was ready.

15.

Complex sentences in English
A complex sentence formed by subordination consists of a principal
clause and one or more subordinate clauses. The subordinate clause may
either follow or precede the principal clause
• Clauses can be connected syndetically :– with the help of conjunctions
that, whether, if) b) conjunctive pronouns: who, what,:
He told me that they had arrived.
• or
asyndetically
I wish you had come earlier

16.

Complex sentences in English
• SUBJECT CLAUSES: How he managed to do it is more than I can
tell.
• PREDICATIVE CLAUSES: “Motherland” was what the men in the
army called their country.
• OBJECT CLAUSES: She told me that she was willing to help.
• ATTRIBUTIVE CLAUSES: The boy who is playing there is her
brother.
• ADVERBIAL CLAUSES: I shall speak to him when he comes.