The History of British Architecture

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GBPOU MO "SERPUKHOV COLLEGE"
Foreign language
The work was performed by students
of group 1121: Ilyin Mikhail
Alexandrovich and Ivanov Denis
Ilyich.
Teacher: Vanyavina Olga Olegovna

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Content
I. The History of British Architecture
1. Prehistoric Monuments of the UK
1) Causewayed Camps
2) Long Barrows
3) Henges
II. Traditional British Architectural Styles
1) VICTORIAN
2) TUDOR
3) ELIZABETHAN
4) GEORGIAN
5) BAROQUE
6) EDWARDIAN
7) ART-DECO

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Content
III. Castles of Great Britain
1) Rochester Castle
2) Carnarvon Castle
3) Raglan Castle
4) Cardiff Castle
IV. Palaces of Great Britain
1) Buckingham Palace
2) Holyrood Palace
3) Sandringham Palace
V. Architects of the UK
1) Adam, William
2) Brown, Lancelot
3) Sir Christopher Wren

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The history of British architecture
The architecture of Great Britain consists of an eclectic variety of architectural styles,
including those preceding the United Kingdom. England has become the most influential
center of the island's architecture, but the unique styles of Ireland, Scotland, and Wales play
a significant role in the international history of architecture. Although there are examples of
prehistoric and classical construction, British architectural history begins with the first
Anglo-Saxon Christian church, built shortly after the arrival of Augustine of Canterbury in
Britain in 597. Examples of Norman architecture have been found since the 11th century
throughout Great Britain and Ireland. Between 1180 and 1520, English Gothic architecture
flourished, originally imported from France, but quickly developed its unique qualities.
First Anglo-Saxon Christian church
Augustine of Canterbury

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Prehistoric monuments of the UK
1)Causewayed Camps
These are some of the oldest remains in the English landscape, dating from around 3500
B.C. They consist of a series of from one to four concentric rings of banks and ditches
enclosing an area up to nine hectares. The ditches are bridged by ramps of earth, or
causeways, in several places, sometimes with corresponding gaps in the banks to form an
obvious place of entry.
In a masterful attempt at confusion, archaeologists have named these enclosures "camps",
which they aren't. In only one case out of a score of these camps is there any evidence of
even a temporary dwelling within the enclosed space.

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2)Long Barrows
These are Neolithic tombs which are roughly contemporary with the causewayed camps.
There are two main types of long barrows: those made entirely of earth, called, you
guessed it, earthen long barrows, and those made with a chamber of large stones, called
megalithic or chambered long barrows. The main thing to remember about long barrows
is that they were communal tombs, holding from one to fifty adults and children.
There were very few funeral paraphernalia in the long mounds; usually a few ritually
broken pottery shards and arrowheads, but nothing to indicate the importance of the
people buried. Some of the most interesting long barrows to visit are Wayland's Forges
in Oxford shire, West Kennet in Wiltshire and Belas Knap in Gloucestershire.
Wayland's Forges in Oxford shire
West Kennet in Wiltshire
Belas Knap in Gloucestershire

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3)Henges
Basically a simple bank and ditch enclosing an area of land. The bank is outside the
ditch, so they would not have been defensive enclosures but were more likely a form
of religious and ceremonial gathering place. The henges are younger than causewayed
camps, with the oldest built about 3300 B.C.
The largest henges enclose up to 12 hectares. Some, though not all henges have stone
circles within them, while others show remains of wooden rings. The first phase of
Stonehenge belongs to this class of monument, though it has now been overshadowed
by the famous standing stones which were added at several later dates. Other henges
to visit include Avebury, Durrington Walls, and Woodhenge, all in Wiltshire, and Arbor
Low in Derbyshire.
Avebury
Woodhenge
Arbor Low in Derbyshire

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Traditional British Architectural Styles
1)VICTORIAN
The mid-to-late 19th century was a true season of change for England. The Victorian
period lasted from 1837 to 1901 and it overlaps with the times when Queen Victoria
ruled. This time frame is also specific for the architectural revival of England when
characteristics started to change. Architectural styles were now mixed with each other,
resulting in an eclectic combination that attracted everyone’s attention. Some of the
famous Victorian buildings include the Selwyn College in Cambridge, the Natural
History Museum in London and many more.
Selwyn College in Cambridge
Natural History Museum in London

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2)TUDOR
The Tudor period started around the year 1450 and ended in 1600, so it marks the
Medieval architecture in England, but it can also be considered as a mark for the
beginning of the Renaissance architecture. There are not many classic Tudor
architectural wonders left in England, but the style is maintained for residential
buildings to this day. Among the famous Tudor buildings in England are worth
mentioning: The Deanery Tower, Sutton Place, Compton Wynyates and many
more.
The Deanery Tower
Sutton Place
Compton Wynyates

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3)ELIZABETHAN
There were no new palaces constructed during the Elizabethan architectural period. Most of the new
buildings belonged to the upper class society. This was mainly because of a lack of outside influence
and reference.
Some features of Elizabethan houses were overhanging first floors, dormer windows, pillared porches,
and high chimneys. These were mostly buildings of aesthetic ambition. People in the lower class started
making bigger and more comfortable houses. Institutional and civic buildings were also becoming
more popular.
Elizabethan architecture started changing drastically towards the end of the civil war. The materials
used for construction changed also changed. The new Elizabethan architecture offered the upper class
more opportunities to build extraordinary houses.
The period revolutionized many things. The beauty of Elizabethan designs was enhanced by the
introduction of glass panes. Glass replaced wooden shutters. They allowed more light into the house.

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4)GEORGIAN
Georgian architecture combines more than one single style into a unique one that
is easy to recognize. In England, you should know about the neo-Georgian
architecture style, which is now the center of attention. The Georgian style is
inspired by classical architecture and it resembles the Renaissance architecture
after the revival. Landowners focused on building Georgian houses, as they
seemed to be preferred by most real estate clients. Georgian buildings are still a
big part of English cities such as London, Bristol or Edinburgh.
The characteristics of this style are easy to remember, as some of them coincide
with the ones from the Renaissance. Common Georgian houses are symmetric in
design, from windows and doors to the room layout. Georgian buildings can also
be recognized by the use of balustrades with decorative mouldings and the sash
windows.

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5)BAROQUE
The Baroque style started to become popular around the 16th century and
rapidly attracted the attention of people. Architects started to invest more
time into playing with form and light, which gave birth to a beautiful style
that includes columns, cupolas, dramatic interiors and many more. It’s
difficult to find a Baroque building that’s on sale today, but when you do,
that’s a gem you may want to purchase right away. The Baroque style is
more evident when visiting England’s most famous buildings such as the St
Paul’s Cathedral, the Seaton Delaval Hall or the Wimborne Minister.
St Paul’s Cathedral
Seaton Delaval Hall
Wimborne Minister

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6)EDWARDIAN
The reign of King Edward VII represents the period when the Edwardian
architecture started to contour. This period extends from 1901 to 1910, after
the late Victorian architecture started to fade away. Some people call this
period the Edwardian Baroque architectural style and it supports influences
from other styles such as the Victorian one, the Georgian one and the Art
Nouveau one. The colours used for obtaining Edwardian designs were lighter,
the patterns used were less complex, the interior decorations were plain.
King Edward VII
Edwardian architecture

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7)ART-DECO
The Art Deco style seemed to shape the British architecture after the long series of
changes that happened until the 20th century. After the decadence of the Victorian
and Baroque styles, it was time to drive architecture into something entirely new.
Art Deco and Art Nouveau first appeared in France, before the 1st World War. Art
Nouveau designers came up with a design that was quickly spread to other parts of
the world. Art Deco was not fully adopted on the real estate market of England
until the year 1929 when architects started to include Art Deco in their projects all
over the United Kingdom.

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Castles of Great Britain
1)Rochester Castle
Rochester Castle is a castle on the east bank of the River Medway in the city of Rochester,
Kent, Southeastern England. The most striking part of the castle is the donjon of the XII
century, which is the best preserved compared to other castles in England.The location of
the castle was an important strategic object for the royal family. The first wooden structure
was founded after the Norman conquest, and then placed under the control of Bishop Odo,
one of the supporters of King William the Conqueror. During the revolt of 1088, Odo
supported Robert Kurthez, the eldest son of William the Conqueror, against William Rufus.
Because of this, Rochester Castle experienced military action for the first time — Odo made
it one of the centers of the uprising, and then the city and castle were besieged. After the
surrender of the garrison, the castle was briefly abandoned.

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2)Carnarvon Castle
Carnarvon is a medieval castle located in the town of Carnarvon, County
Gwynedd, Wales, United Kingdom. From the end of the XI century until
1283 , a wooden Norman - type castle was located on the site of the
modern castle . In 1283, under the leadership of King Edward I of
England, a stone one began to be erected on the site of the old wooden
one. The castle was built as part of Edward I's large-scale program to
strengthen English influence in Wales, during which other castles were
created, as well as new cities were founded . The castle is an outstanding
example of military architecture of Western Europe of the XIII—XIV
centuries.
Carnarvon castle
King Edward I

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3)Raglan Castle
Raglan is a castle in south-east Wales, in the county of
Monmouthshire. The Raglan Castle was built of light sandstone from Redbrook,
later also Old Red Sandstone and limestone from Bath for architectural finishes and
details were used. The oldest and main element of the fifteenth century castle was the
late-medieval keep, a huge tower built on a hexagon plan with a diameter of 17 meters
and walls up to 3.2 meters thick, symbolically and physically dominating over the rest of
the buildings. The castle, which is currently the best example of a late medieval castle
and Renaissance residence in Wales, has survived to modern times in the form of a ruin.

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4)Cardiff Castle
Caerdydd is a medieval castle located in the county of Glamorgan in Wales. It is
also the oldest building in Wales, built on the site of the ruins of a former
Roman fortress. At first the castle was a city fort, then a judicial institution and
eventually became the property of the local nobility, who inherited it for many
centuries.The last owner of the castle was the Marquis of Bute, a coal magnate
who turned the fortress into a beautiful Victorian mansion in the Gothic style
with a huge number of halls and rooms. Inside the castle there is a museum with
a rich historical and archaeological collection of exhibits, and the building is
surrounded by a large beautiful garden.

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PALACES OF GREAT BRITAIN
1)Buckingham Palace
Buckingham Palace is the official London residence and administrative headquarters of
the British monarchs. It is located opposite a shopping center and a Green park with a
white marble and gilded monument to Queen Victoria. Buckingham Palace was
designed in a Neoclassical architectural style, inspired by Ancient Greek and Roman
architecture. Over the years, it underwent drastic changes to reflect the personalities of
the changing monarchy. You will find elements of Baroque-style, Rocco and French
architecture in Buckingham Palace's interiors and exteriors.
The interior has Victorian, Regency,
and Edwardian finishes in different
rooms that are a part of the palace. It
has 775 rooms, 1514 doors and 78
restrooms in total. Owing to its size
and architecture, the palace continues
to be one of the most iconic structures
in London, with a rich history and
unforgettable legacy.

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2)Holyrood Palace
Holyroodhouse is the official residence of the British monarchs in Scotland, located in the
capital of this country — Edinburgh. The name comes from a distorted Anglo-Scottish
Haly Ruid. The history of the palace is much older than the 16th century, though,
because the first building on the site was built in the year 1128. This structure is the now
ruined Augustinian Holyrood Abbey and was commissioned by King David I of Scotland.
David named the place Holyrood about a relic of the True Cross upon which Jesus Christ
was crucified. This relic was owned by King David’s other, Queen Margaret, and was
referred to as the “Holy Rood” or “Black Rood.”

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3)SANDRINGHAM PALACE
Sandringham Palace is a private estate of the Windsor dynasty, located
in Norfolk among 20 thousand acres of hunting grounds.The estate was
acquired in 1862 from the adopted son of Lord Palmerston by Queen
Victoria at the request of the heir to the throne, the Prince of Wales, in
connection with his upcoming marriage with Alexandra of Denmark. In
order to spend more time hunting in winter, the prince ordered all
clocks to be moved to Sandringham half an hour ahead. This order
remained in force until the accession of Edward VIII to the throne in
1936.

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Architects of the UK
1)Adam,William
William Adam is a Scottish architect, Mason, entrepreneur, founder
of the neoclassical style and a trendsetter of architectural fashion.
He was considered the universal architect of his time in Scotland. He
worked in a transitional style from Baroque to neoclassicism. Father
of architects John, Robert and James Adams.
William Adam's designs and buildings in Scotland:
Dun House. Project. 1730
Craigdarroch House
Duff House

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2)BROWN, LANCELOT
Lancelot Brown was an English landscape architect, the largest
representative of the English park system, which prevailed in
Europe until the middle of the XIX century. When arranging his
gardens, he preferred the symmetry of stone structures to
"natural" sites, embankments, lawns and harmoniously
distributed groups of trees.
Lancelot Brown's projects and publications:
Artificial grotto in Beauvois
Petworth Park
Alnwick Garden

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3) SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN
Sir Christopher Wren was the most celebrated English architect of his time, best known
for the design of St Paul's Cathedral, London. Wren's interest in architecture developed
when he was commissioned to design the Sheldonian Theatre in Oxford. Later, he visited
Paris to study French and Italian baroque styles which inspired and influenced his later
works. One of the reasons for his acclaimed work was that he insisted on the finest
materials and a very high standard of workmanship. Besides rebuilding 51 London’s
churches including St Paul's Cathedral, he also received royal commissions to design
hospitals and many other buildings all around England. Rightly regarded as the most
significant British architect of all time, Sir Christopher Wren skillfully interpreted the
Baroque style in England and dominated English architecture for 50 years.
the Royal Hospital at Chelsea the library at Trinity College
the Royal Naval Hospital at
Greenwich