Witches

1.

2.

Forest witch

3.

Winter witch

4.

Spring witch

5.

Summer witch

6.

Autumn witch

7.

8.

witch - ведьма
[wɪʧ]
black cat - черный кот
[blæk kæt]
raven - ворон
[reɪvn]

9.

Witch of the earth
Witch of the fire

10.

spider - паук
[ˈspaɪdə]
broomstick - метла
[ˈbrumstɪk]
witch's hat - шляпа
[wɪʧ'es hæt]
ведьмы

11.

Water witch
Witch of the air

12.

candle - свеча
[kændl]
boiler - котел
[ˈbɔɪlə]
amulet - амулет
[ˈæmjʊlɪt]

13.

Forest witch

14.

castle - замок
[kɑːsl]
blood moon - кровавая
[blʌd muːn]
луна
potion - зелье
[pəʊʃn]

15.

magic ball -
[ˈmæʤɪk bɔːl]
магический шар
bat - летучая мышь
[bæt]
book of spells - книга
[bʊk əv spelz]
заклинаний

16.

elixir - элексир
[ɪˈlɪksə]
goblet - кубок
[ˈgɒblɪt]
herbs - травы
[hɜːbz]

17.

coven - шабаш
[ˈkʌvən]
shack - лачуга
[ʃæk]
mysterious forest -
[mɪsˈtɪərɪəs ˈfɒrɪst]
таинственный лес

18.

19.

Witchcraft is the practice of what the practitioner ("witch") believes to be
supernatural skills and abilities, such as the casting of spells and the performance of
magical rituals. Witchcraft is a broad term that varies culturally and societally, and
this can be difficult to define with precision. Historically, the most common meaning
among non-practitioners is the use of supernatural means to cause harm to the
innocent; this remains the meaning in most traditional cultures worldwide, notably
the Indigenous cultures of Africa and the African diaspora, Asia, Latin America, and
Indigenous Nations in the Americas.
In the Philippines, as in many of these cultures, witches are viewed as those opposed
to the sacred. In contrast, anthropologists writing about the healers in Indigenous
Philippine folk religions either use the traditional terminology of these cultures, or
broad anthropological terms like shaman.
Belief in witchcraft is often present within societies and groups whose cultural
framework includes a magical world view.
In the modern era, some may use witchcraft to refer to benign, positive, or neutral
metaphysical practices, such as divination, meditation, or self-help techniques found
in the modern Pagan and New Age movements. But this reversal in nomenclature is
primarily a modern, Western, and pop culture phenomenon, most prevalent among
Western youth and adherents of modern Pagan traditions like Wicca.

20.

21.

The concept of witchcraft and the belief in its existence have persisted throughout
recorded history. They have been present or central at various times and in many
diverse forms among cultures and religions worldwide, including both primitive and
highly advanced cultures, and continue to have an important role in many cultures
today.
Historically, the predominant concept of witchcraft in the Western world derives
from Old Testament laws against witchcraft, and entered the mainstream when belief
in witchcraft gained Church approval in the Early Modern Period. It is a theosophical
conflict between good and evil, where witchcraft was generally evil and often
associated with the Devil and Devil worship. This culminated in deaths, torture and
scapegoating (casting blame for misfortune), and many years of large scale witchtrials and witch hunts, especially in Protestant Europe, before largely ceasing during
the European Age of Enlightenment. Christian views in the modern day are diverse
and cover the gamut of views from intense belief and opposition (especially by
Christian fundamentalists) to non-belief, and even approval in some churches. From
the mid-20th century, witchcraft – sometimes called contemporary witchcraft to
clearly distinguish it from older beliefs – became the name of a branch of modern
Paganism. It is most notably practiced in the Wiccan and modern witchcraft
traditions, and it is no longer practiced in secrecy.

22.

23.

The Western mainstream Christian view is far from the only societal perspective
about witchcraft. Many cultures worldwide continue to have widespread practices
and cultural beliefs that are loosely translated into English as "witchcraft", although
the English translation masks a very great diversity in their forms, magical beliefs,
practices, and place in their societies. During the Age of Colonialism, many cultures
across the globe were exposed to the modern Western world via colonialism, usually
accompanied and often preceded by intensive Christian missionary activity (see
"Christianization"). In these cultures beliefs that were related to witchcraft and magic
were influenced by the prevailing Western concepts of the time. Witch-hunts,
scapegoating, and the killing or shunning of suspected witches still occur in the
modern era.
Suspicion of modern medicine due to beliefs about illness being due to witchcraft
also continues in many countries to this day, with serious healthcare consequences.
HIV/AIDS and Ebola virus diseaseare two examples of often-lethal infectious disease
epidemics whose medical care and containment has been severely hampered by
regional beliefs in witchcraft. Other severe medical conditions whose treatment is
hampered in this way include tuberculosis, leprosy, epilepsy and the common severe
bacterial Buruli ulcer.

24.

25.

The word is over a thousand years old: Old English formed the compound wiccecræft
from wicce ('witch') and cræft ('craft'). The word witch was also spelled wicca or
wycca in Old English, and was originally masculine. Folk etymologies link witchcraft
"to the English words wit, wise, wisdom ", so 'craft of the wise.'
In anthropological terminology, witches differ from sorcerers in that they don't use
physical tools or actions to curse; their maleficium is perceived as extending from
some intangible inner quality, and one may be unaware of being a witch, or may have
been convinced of their nature by the suggestion of others. This definition was
pioneered in a study of central African magical beliefs by E. E. Evans-Pritchard, who
cautioned that it might not correspond with normal English usage.
Historians of European witchcraft have found the anthropological definition difficult
to apply to European witchcraft, where witches could equally use (or be accused of
using) physical techniques, as well as some who really had attempted to cause harm
by thought alone. European witchcraft is seen by historians and anthropologists as an
ideology for explaining misfortune; however, this ideology has manifested in diverse
ways, as described below.