Water

1.

2.

3.

water - вода
[ˈwɔːtə]
sea - море
[siː]
ocean - океан
[əʊʃn]

4.

lake - озеро
[leɪk]
river - река
[ˈrɪvə]
waterfall - водопад
[ˈwɔːtəfɔːl]

5.

stream - ручей
[striːm]
fountain - фонтан
[ˈfaʊntɪn]
puddle - лужа
[pʌdl]

6.

swamp - болото
[swɒmp]
ditch - канава
[dɪʧ]
pond - водоём
[pɒnd]

7.

strait - пролив
[streɪt]
rechek - ручеёк
[rechek]
bay – залив
[beɪ]

8.

dew - роса
[djuː]
drop - капля
[drɒp]

9.

WATER

10.

Water is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical
substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all
known living organisms (in which it acts as a solvent). It is vital for all known
forms of life, even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients. Its chemical
formula is H2O, meaning that each of its molecules contains one oxygen and two
hydrogen atoms, connected by covalent bonds. Two hydrogen atoms are attached to
one oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45°.
"Water" is the name of the liquid state of H2O at standard ambient temperature and
pressure. It forms precipitation in the form of rain and aerosols in the form of fog.
Clouds are formed from suspended droplets of water and ice, its solid state. When
finely divided, crystalline ice may precipitate in the form of snow. The gaseous
state of water is steam or water vapor. Water moves continually through the water
cycle
of
evaporation,
transpiration
(evapotranspiration),
condensation,
precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea.
Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface, mostly in seas and oceans. Small portions
of water occur as groundwater (1.7%), in the glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica
and Greenland (1.7%), and in the air as vapor, clouds (formed of ice and liquid
water suspended in air), and precipitation (0.001%).

11.

Water plays an important role in the world economy. Approximately 70% of the
freshwater used by humans goes to agriculture. Fishing in salt and fresh water
bodies is a major source of food for many parts of the world. Much of the longdistance trade of commodities (such as oil, natural gas, and manufactured products)
is transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, and canals. Large quantities of
water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating, in industry and homes.
Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of substances both mineral and
organic; as such it is widely used in industrial processes, and in cooking and
washing. Water, ice and snow are also central to many sports and other forms of
entertainment, such as swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport
fishing, diving, ice skating and skiing.

12.

SEA

13.

The sea, the world ocean or simply the ocean is the connected body of salty water
that covers over 70 percent of the Earth's surface. It moderates Earth's climate and
has important roles in the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle. It has been
travelled and explored since ancient times, while the scientific study of the sea—
oceanography—dates broadly from the voyages of Captain James Cook to explore
the Pacific Ocean between 1768 and 1779. The word sea is also used to denote
smaller, partly landlocked sections of the ocean and certain large, entirely
landlocked, saltwater lakes, such as the Caspian Sea and the Dead Sea.
The most abundant solid dissolved in seawater is sodium chloride. The water also
contains salts of magnesium, calcium, potassium, and mercury, amongst many other
elements, some in minute concentrations. Salinity varies widely, being lower near
the surface and the mouths of large rivers and higher in the depths of the ocean;
however, the relative proportions of dissolved salts vary little across the oceans.
Winds blowing over the surface of the sea produce waves, which break when they
enter the shallow water. Winds also create surface currents through friction, setting
up slow but stable circulations of water throughout the oceans. The directions of the
circulation are governed by factors, including the shapes of the continents and
Earth's rotation (the Coriolis effect). Deep-sea currents, known as the global
conveyor belt, carry cold water from near the poles to every ocean. Tides, the
generally twice-daily rise and fall of sea levels, are caused by Earth's rotation and
the gravitational effects of the orbiting Moon and, to a lesser extent, of the Sun.

14.

Tides may have a very high range in bays or estuaries. Submarine earthquakes
arising from tectonic plate movements under the oceans can lead to destructive
tsunamis, as can volcanoes, huge landslides, or the impact of large meteorites.
A wide variety of organisms, including bacteria, protists, algae, plants, fungi, and
animals, live in the sea, which offers a wide range of marine habitats and
ecosystems, ranging vertically from the sunlit surface and shoreline to the great
depths and pressures of the cold, dark abyssal zone, and in latitude from the cold
waters under polar ice caps to the colourful diversity of coral reefs in tropical
regions. Many of the major groups of organisms evolved in the sea and life may
have started there.

15.

OCEAN

16.

An ocean is a body of water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere. On
Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean.
These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern
(Antarctic), and Arctic Oceans. The phrases "the ocean" or "the sea" used without
specification refer to the interconnected body of salt water covering the majority of
the Earth's surface. As a general term, "the ocean" is mostly interchangeable with
"the sea" in American English, but not in British English. Strictly speaking, a sea is
a body of water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by
land.
Saline seawater covers approximately 361,000,000 km2 (139,000,000 sq mi) and is
customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas, with the ocean
covering approximately 71% of Earth's surface and 90% of the Earth's biosphere.
The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water, and oceanographers have stated that less
than 20% of the World's Ocean has been mapped The total volume is approximately
1.35 billion cubic kilometers (320 million cu mi) with an average depth of nearly
3,700 meters (12,100 ft).
As the world ocean is the principal component of Earth's hydrosphere, it is integral
to life, forms part of the carbon cycle, and influences climate and weather patterns.
The World Ocean is the habitat of 230,000 known species, but because much of it is
unexplored, the number of species in the ocean is much larger, possibly over two
million.[10] The origin of Earth's oceans is unknown; oceans are thought to have
formed in the Hadean eon and may have been the cause for the emergence of life.

17.

Extraterrestrial oceans may be composed of water or other elements and
compounds. The only confirmed large stable bodies of extraterrestrial surface
liquids are the lakes of Titan, although there is evidence for oceans' existence
elsewhere in the Solar System. Early in their geologic histories, Mars and Venus are
theorized to have had large water oceans. The Mars ocean hypothesis suggests that
nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water, and a runaway
greenhouse effect may have boiled away the global ocean of Venus. Compounds
such as salts and ammonia dissolved in water lower its freezing point so that water
might exist in large quantities in extraterrestrial environments as brine or
convecting ice. Unconfirmed oceans are speculated beneath the surface of many
dwarf planets and natural satellites; notably, the ocean of the moon Europa is
estimated to have over twice the water volume of Earth. The Solar System's giant
planets are also thought to have liquid atmospheric layers of yet to be confirmed
compositions. Oceans may also exist on exoplanets and exomoons, including
surface oceans of liquid water within a circumstellar habitable zone. Ocean planets
are a hypothetical type of planet with a surface completely covered with liquid.

18.

LAKE

19.

A lake is an area filled with water, localized in a basin, surrounded by land, apart
from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes lie on land
and are not part of the ocean, although like the much larger oceans, they form part
of earth's water cycle. Lakes are distinct from lagoons which are generally coastal
parts of the ocean. They are generally larger and deeper than ponds, which also lie
on land, though there are no official or scientific definitions. Lakes can be
contrasted with rivers or streams, which are usually flowing in a channel on land.
Most lakes are fed and drained by rivers and streams.
Natural lakes are generally found in mountainous areas, rift zones, and areas with
ongoing glaciation. Other lakes are found in endorheic basins or along the courses
of mature rivers, where a river channel has widened into a basin. In some parts of
the world there are many lakes because of chaotic drainage patterns left over from
the last Ice Age. All lakes are temporary over geologic time scales, as they will
slowly fill in with sediments or spill out of the basin containing them.
Many lakes are artificial and are constructed for industrial or agricultural use, for
hydro-electric power generation or domestic water supply, or for aesthetic,
recreational purposes, or other activities.

20.

RIVER

21.

A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an
ocean, sea, lake or another river. In some cases a river flows into the ground and
becomes dry at the end of its course without reaching another body of water. Small
rivers can be referred to using names such as stream, creek, brook, rivulet, and rill.
There are no official definitions for the generic term river as applied to geographic
features, although in some countries or communities a stream is defined by its size.
Many names for small rivers are specific to geographic location; examples are "run"
in some parts of the United States, "burn" in Scotland and northeast England, and
"beck" in northern England. Sometimes a river is defined as being larger than a
creek, but not always: the language is vague.
Rivers and streams are often considered major features within a landscape;
however, they actually only cover around 0.1% of the land on Earth. They are made
more obvious and significant to humans by the fact that many human cities and
civilizations are built around the freshwater supplied by rivers and streams. Most
of the major cities of the world are situated on the banks of rivers, as they are, or
were, used as a source of water, for obtaining food, for transport, as borders, as a
defensive measure, as a source of hydropower to drive machinery, for bathing, and
as a means of disposing of waste.
Potamology is the scientific study of rivers, while limnology is the study of inland
waters in general.

22.

WATERFALL

23.

A waterfall is an area where water flows over a vertical drop or a series of steep
drops in the course of a stream or river. Waterfalls also occur where meltwater drops
over the edge of a tabular iceberg or ice shelf.
Waterfalls are commonly formed in the upper course of a river where lakes flow
into valleys in steep mountains. Because of their landscape position, many
waterfalls occur over bedrock fed by little contributing area, so they may be
ephemeral and flow only during rainstorms or significant snowmelt. The further
downstream, the more perennial a waterfall can be. Waterfalls can have a wide
range of widths and depths.
Aerial view of Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River in southern Africa. The cloud
formed by the mist is called cataractagenitus. When the river courses over resistant
bedrock, erosion happens slowly and is dominated by impacts of water-borne
sediment on the rock, while downstream the erosion occurs more rapidly. As the
watercourse increases its velocity at the edge of the waterfall, it may pluck material
from the riverbed, if the bed is fractured or otherwise more erodible. Hydraulic jets
and hydraulic jumps at the toe of a falls can generate large forces to erode the
bed,[4] especially when forces are amplified by water-borne sediment. Horseshoeshaped falls focus the erosion to a central point, also enhancing riverbed change
below a waterfalls.

24.

STREAM

25.

RECHEK

26.

A stream is a body of water with surface water flowing within the bed and banks of
a channel. The flow of a stream is controlled by three inputs – surface water,
subsurface water and groundwater. The surface and subsurface water are highly
variable between periods of rainfall. Groundwater, on the other hand, has a
relatively constant input and is controlled more by long-term patterns of
precipitation. The stream encompasses surface, subsurface and groundwater fluxes
that respond to geological, geomorphological, hydrological and biotic controls.
Depending on its location or certain characteristics, a stream may be referred to by a
variety of local or regional names. Long large streams are usually called rivers.
Streams are important as conduits in the water cycle, instruments in groundwater
recharge, and corridors for fish and wildlife migration. The biological habitat in the
immediate vicinity of a stream is called a riparian zone. Given the status of the
ongoing Holocene extinction, streams play an important corridor role in connecting
fragmented habitats and thus in conserving biodiversity. The study of streams and
waterways in general is known as surface hydrology and is a core element of
environmental geography.

27.

FOUNTAIN

28.

A fountain (from the Latin "fons" (genitive "fontis"), a source or spring) is a piece of
architecture which pours water into a basin or jets it into the air to supply drinking
water and/or for a decorative or dramatic effect.
Fountains were originally purely functional, connected to springs or aqueducts and
used to provide drinking water and water for bathing and washing to the residents
of cities, towns and villages. Until the late 19th century most fountains operated by
gravity, and needed a source of water higher than the fountain, such as a reservoir
or aqueduct, to make the water flow or jet into the air.
In addition to providing drinking water, fountains were used for decoration and to
celebrate their builders. Roman fountains were decorated with bronze or stone
masks of animals or heroes. In the Middle Ages, Moorish and Muslim garden
designers used fountains to create miniature versions of the gardens of paradise.
King Louis XIV of France used fountains in the Gardens of Versailles to illustrate
his power over nature. The baroque decorative fountains of Rome in the 17th and
18th centuries marked the arrival point of restored Roman aqueducts and glorified
the Popes who built them.
By the end of the 19th century, as indoor plumbing became the main source of
drinking water, urban fountains became purely decorative. Mechanical pumps
replaced gravity and allowed fountains to recycle water and to force it high into the
air. The Jet d'Eau in Lake Geneva, built in 1951, shoots water 140 metres (460 ft) in
the air.

29.

The highest such fountain in the world is King Fahd's Fountain in Jeddah, Saudi
Arabia, which spouts water 260 metres (850 ft) above the Red Sea.
Fountains are used today to decorate city parks and squares; to honor individuals or
events; for recreation and for entertainment. A Splash pad or spray pool allows city
residents to enter, get wet and cool off in summer. The musical fountain combines
moving jets of water, colored lights and recorded music, controlled by a computer,
for dramatic effects. Fountains can themselves also be musical instruments played
by obstruction of one or more of their water jets. Drinking fountains provide clean
drinking water in public buildings, parks and public spaces.

30.

PUDDLE

31.

A puddle is a small accumulation of liquid, usually water, on a surface. It can form
either by pooling in a depression on the surface, or by surface tension upon a flat
surface.
A puddle is generally shallow enough to walk through, and too small to traverse
with a boat or raft. Small wildlife may be attracted to puddles.
Puddles in natural landscapes and habitats, when not resulting from precipitation,
can indicate the presence of a seep or spring. Small seasonal riparian plants, grasses,
and wildflowers can germinate with the ephemeral "head start" of moisture
provided by a puddle.
Small wildlife, such as birds and insects, can use puddles as a source of essential
moisture or for bathing. Raised constructed puddles, bird baths, are a part of
domestic and wildlife gardens as a garden ornament and "micro-habitat"
restoration. Swallows use the damp loam which gathers in puddles as a form of
cement to help to build their nests. Many butterfly species and some other insects,
but particularly male butterflies, need puddles for nutrients they can contain, such
as salts and amino acids. In a behaviour known as puddling they seek out the damp
mud that can be found around the edge of the puddles.
For some smaller forms of life, such as tadpoles or mosquito larvae, a puddle can
form an entire habitat.

32.

SWAMP

33.

A swamp is a forested wetland. Swamps are considered to be transition zones
because both land and water play a role in creating this environment. Swamps vary
in size and are located all around the world. The water of a swamp may be fresh
water, brackish water, or seawater. Freshwater swamps form along large rivers or
lakes where they are critically dependent upon rainwater and seasonal flooding to
maintain natural water level fluctuations. Saltwater swamps are found along
tropical and subtropical coastlines. Some swamps have hammocks, or dry-land
protrusions, covered by aquatic vegetation, or vegetation that tolerates periodic
inundationor soil saturation. The two main types of swamp are "true" or swamp
forests and "transitional" or shrub swamps. In the boreal regions of Canada, the
word swamp is colloquially used for what is more correctly termed a bog, fen, or
muskeg. Some of the world's largest swamps are found along major rivers such as
the Amazon, the Mississippi, and the Congo.
Swamps and marshes are specific types of wetlands that form along waterbodies
containing rich, hydric soils. Marshes are wetlands, continually or frequently
flooded by nearby running bodies of water, that are dominated by emergent softstem vegetation and herbaceous plants. Swamps are wetlands consisting of
saturated soils or standing water and are dominated by water-tolerant woody
vegetation such as shrubs, bushes, and trees.

34.

DITCH

35.

A ditch is a small to moderate divot created to channel water. A ditch can be used
for drainage, to drain water from low-lying areas, alongside roadways or fields, or
to channel water from a more distant source for plant irrigation. Ditches are
commonly seen around farmland, especially in areas that have required drainage,
such as The Fens in eastern England and much of the Netherlands.
Roadside ditches may provide a hazard to motorists and cyclists, whose vehicles
may crash into them and get damaged, flipped over, or stuck and cause major
injury, especially in poor weather conditions and rural areas.

36.

POND

37.

A pond is an area filled with water, either natural or artificial, that is smaller than a
lake. Ponds may arise naturally in floodplains as part of a river system or can
simply be an isolated depression (such as a kettle, vernal pool, or prairie pothole)
that filled with runoff, groundwater, or precipitation. As such, ponds may be
freshwater, saltwater, or brackish in nature.
Many ponds contain shallow water ecosystems with varying abundances of aquatic
plants and animals. Certain characteristic such as depth, seasonal water level,
nutrients fluxes, solar radiation, degree of inlets and outlets, local organisms, and
salinity may affect the types of ecosystems present within a pond.
Ponds are frequently man-made or expanded beyond their original depths and
bounds by anthropogenic causes. Among their many uses, ponds provide water for
agriculture, livestock and communities, aid in habitat restoration, serve as breeding
grounds for local and migrating species, are components of landscape architecture,
flood control, general urbanization, mitigate particular pollutions and greenhouse
gasses, and support wide varieties of organismal ecosystems.

38.

STRAIT

39.

A strait is a naturally formed, narrow, typically navigable waterway that connects
two larger bodies of water. Most commonly it is a channel of water that lies
between two land masses. Some straits are not navigable, for example because they
are too shallow, or because of an unnavigable reef or archipelago. Straits are also
known to be loci for sediment accumulation. Usually, sand-size deposits occur on
both the two opposite strait exits, forming subaqueous fans or deltas.
Straits are the converse of isthmuses. That is, while a strait lies between two land
masses and connects two larger bodies of water, an isthmus lies between two bodies
of water and connects two larger land masses.
Some straits have the potential to generate significant tidal power using tidal
stream turbines. Tides are more predictable than wave power or wind power. The
Pentland Firth (a strait) may be capable of generating 10 GW. Cook Strait in New
Zealand may be capable of generating 5.6 GW even though the total energy
available in the flow is 15 GW.

40.

BAY

41.

A bay is a recessed, coastal body of water that directly connects to a larger main
body of water, such as an ocean, a lake, or another bay. A large bay is usually called
a gulf, sea, sound, or bight. A cove is a small, circular bay with a narrow entrance. A
fjord is a particularly steep bay shaped by glacial activity.
A bay can be the estuary of a river, such as the Chesapeake Bay, an estuary of the
Susquehanna River. Bays may also be nested within each other; for example, James
Bay is an arm of Hudson Bay in northeastern Canada. Some large bays, such as the
Bay of Bengal and Hudson Bay, have varied marine geology.
The land surrounding a bay often reduces the strength of winds and blocks waves.
Bays may have as wide a variety of shoreline characteristics as other shorelines. In
some cases, bays have beaches, which "are usually characterized by a steep upper
foreshore with a broad, flat fronting terrace". Bays were significant in the history of
human settlement because they provided safe places for fishing. Later they were
important in the development of sea trade as the safe anchorage they provide
encouraged their selection as ports.

42.

DEW

43.

Dew is water in the form of droplets that appears on thin, exposed objects in the
morning or evening due to condensation.
As the exposed surface cools by radiating its heat, atmospheric moisture condenses
at a rate greater than that at which it can evaporate, resulting in the formation of
water droplets.
When temperatures are low enough, dew takes the form of ice; this form is called
frost.
Because dew is related to the temperature of surfaces, in late summer it forms most
easily on surfaces that are not warmed by conducted heat from deep ground, such as
grass, leaves, railings, car roofs, and bridges.
Dew should not be confused with guttation, which is the process by which plants
release excess water from the tips of their leaves.

44.

DROP

45.

A drop or droplet is a small column of liquid, bounded completely or almost
completely by free surfaces. A drop may form when liquid accumulates at the lower
end of a tube or other surface boundary, producing a hanging drop called a pendant
drop. Drops may also be formed by the condensation of a vapor or by atomization
of a larger mass of liquid.