Every human

1.

Every human
occupation has its
repertoire of stock
phrases, within which
every man twits and
turns until his death.
His vocabulary,
which seems so
lavish, reduces itself
to a hundred routine
formulas at most,
which he repeat over
and over.
August de Villiers de
L’Isle-Adam
English
Phraseology

2.

Definitions
Phraseology is a branch of linguistics
studying set expressions and wordequivalents.
Phraseological unit is a reproduced and
idiomatic (non-motivated) or partially
motivated unit built up according to the
model of free word-groups (or sentences)
and semantically and syntactically
brought into correlation with words.

3.

Russian vs. English/American
linguists
V.V. Vinogradov, A.V. Kunin
English and American linguists often use the
term “idiom” which may denote
A) a mode of expression
B) structural form peculiar to a given
language
C) “idiom” may be synonymous to the words
“language” or “dialect” denoting a form of
expression peculiar to a people, a country, a
district, or to an individual.

4.

Criteria exposing the degree of
similarity/difference between PU
and free word-groups, PU and
words.
1. Structural Criterion
2. Semantic Criterion
3. Syntactic Criterion

5.

A) Both PUs and free phrases can boast of divisibility
Structural criterion
of their structure unlike the words.
Ex. ship-wreck-pl. shipwrecks
The wreck of a ship- pl. the wreck of the ships
Black Maria – the Blackest Maria, Black Marias
B) PUs are structurally invariable unlike free wordgroups
Ex. to give smb the cold shoulder
From head to foot

6.

Semantic criterion
The meaning in Pus is created by mutual
interaction of elements and conveys a
single concept.
The semantic unity makes Pus similar to
words.

7.

Syntactic criterion
Like words Pus and word-combinations
may have different syntactic functions in
the sentence, e.g. the subject (narrow
escape), the predicate (to have a good
mind), an attribute ( high and mighty), an
adverbial (in full swing).
Coordinative (the life and soul of smth)
and subordinative (a big fish in a little
pond)

8.

Characteristic features of PUs
Ready-made reproduction
Structural divisibility
Morphological stability
Permanence of lexical composition
Semantic unity
Syntactic fixity

9.

Semantic structure of
phraseological units
Macrocomponental model of
phraseological meaning was worked out
by V.N. Teliya.
Macrocomponetns of meaning are
semantic ultimate constituents of the the
semantic structure of PUs

10.

Semantic structure of
phraseological units
Denotational
macrocomponent
Evaluational
macrocomponent
Motivational
macrocomponent
Emotive
macrocomponent
Stylistic
macrocomponent
Grammatical
macrocomponent
Gender
macrocomponent

11.

Types of transference of
phraseological units
Phraseological transference is a complete
or partical change of meaning of an initial
(source) word combination as a result of
which the word-combination acquires a
new meaning and turns into a PU.

12.

Transfer
ence
based
on
SIMILE
Transfer
ence
based
on
METAPH
OR
Transfer
ence
based
on
METONY
MY
Transfer
ence
based
on
SYNECD
OCHE

13.

Classifications of
phraseological units
Semantic
classification
Structural
classification
Functional
classification
Structuralsemantic
classification
Contextual
classification

14.

Origin of the PUs
•NATIVE
phraseological units
•BORROWED
phraseological units

15.

Sources of native
phraseological units
Terminological and professional lexics
British literature (W.Shakespeare, Ch.
Dickens, etc)
British traditions and customs
Superstitions and legends
Historical facts and events, personalities
Phenomena and facts of everyday life

16.

Sources of borrowed PUs
the Holy Script
Ancient legends and myths belonging to
different religious or cultural traditions
Facts and events of the world history
Variants of the English language
Other languages (classical and modern)

17.

Thank you for attention!