Parts of the sentence

1.

PARTS OF THE SENTENCE
1. Principal parts (subject, predicate)
2. Secondary parts (object, attribute, adverbial
modifier)
3. Independent elements

2.

THE SUBJECT
Ways of expressing the subject:
A noun in the common case The wind was strong.
A pronoun (personal, demonstrative, defining, indefinite, negative, pos-interrogative) He was
running very fast.
adjective or participle The wounded were taken care of.
A numeral (cardinal or ordinal) The first wanted to speak.
An infinitive, an infinitive phrase or construction To see her was terrible.
A gerund, a gerundial phrase or construction Smoking is harmful for your health.
A quotation No is his usual reply.
A syntactically indivisible group of words The needle and the thread is lost.

3.

Structural types of the subject:
1. The simple subject (expressed by a single word) The dinner
was served in time.
2. The phrasal subject (expressed by a phrase) The New Year
party was wonderful.
3
The clausal subject (expressed by a clause) What has
been done is done.

4.

Grammatical types of the
subject:
1. Notional subject The students passed their exams.
2. Formal subject
a) impersonal It s spring.
b) introductory It was useless to come there again.
C) emphatic It was Anna who went up to him.

5.

THE PREDICATE
1. Simple predicate
2. Compound nominal predicate
3. Compound verbal predicate
Mixed types of compound predicates:
1. Compound modal nominal predicate
2. Compound aspect nominal predicate
3. Compound modal aspect predicate

6.

Simple predicate
a) finite verb and a noun formed from a verb used with the indefinite
article:
to have a smoke, to have a swim, to have a run, to give a laugh, to give
a push, to take a look, to make a move. He gave a cry.
b) finite verb and an abstract noun used without any article:
to get rid, to get hold, to make use, to take care, to lose sight, to make
fun, to pay attention, to take part, etc.
We were making fun together.

7.

Compound nominal predicate
According to their meaning link verbs can be divided into two groups:
1) link verbs of being and remaining - to be, to remain, to keep, to continue,
to smell, to stand, to sit, to lie, to shine, to seem, to prove, to appear.
He remained silent.
2) link verbs of becoming - to become, to get, to grow, to come, to go,
to leave, to run, to turn, to make
It became cold
In autumn the leaves turn yellow.

8.

The predicate can be expressed by:
1.
a noun - My father is a doctor.
2.
an adjective - She is too young.
3.
a pronoun - This book is mine.
4.
a word of category of state - I was afraid.
5.
a numeral - He was the first.
6.
a prepositional phrase - The things were outside her.
7.
an infinitive, infinitive phrase, infinitive construction - His first thought was to go away.
8.
a gerund, gerundial phrase, gerundial construction - My favorite sport is swimming.
9.
Participle II - He was surprised.
10.
an adverb - It was enough for him.
11.
predicative clause —He looked as if he had been living there for ages.

9.

3. Compound verbal predicate
a) Compound verbal modal predicate
b) Compound verbal aspect predicate

10.

A compound verbal modal predicate
a) a modal verb {can, may, must, should, would, ought, dare, need} and
an infinitive — You may visit me tomorrow.
b) modal expressions {to be, to have} and an infinitive -1 have to go.
c) a verb with a modal meaning {to hope, to expect, to intend, to
attempt, to try, to long, to wish, to want, to desire} and an infinitive or a
gerund - / hope seeing him tomorrow.
d) modal expressions {to be able, to be obliged, to be bound, to be
willing, to be anxious, to be capable, to be going} and an infinitive -I'm not
able to do it now.

11.

A compound verbal aspect predicate
a) a verb of beginning {to begin, to start, to commence, to set about, to
take to, to fall to, to come} and an infinitive - She began to cry from the
first moment of our meeting.
b) a verb of duration {to go on, to keep, to proceed, to continue} and an
infinitive or a gerund - He kept smiling.
c) a verb of repetition {would, used to} and an infinitive - I used to visit
my uncle every week-end.
d) a verb of cessation {to stop, to finish, to cease, to give up, to leave
off} and an infinitive or a gerund. - He gave up smoking two years ago.

12.

Mixed types of compound
predicates:
1. Compound modal nominal predicate - I can not be unkind.
2. Compound aspect nominal predicate – I continued to be happy.
3. Compound modal aspect predicate – I ought to stop crying.