Polysemantic words in English and Kazakh

1.

Specialized boarding school after N.Nurmakov
«Polysemantic words in English and
Kazakh»
Written by: Toleutai Lyazzat 10b
Teacher: Zhetpisbayeva Zh.S.
Karaganda 2015

2.

The aim of the research project
To research the polysemantic words in the English and
Kazakh languages analyzing and comparing the languages
according to the polysemy of the words and their types.
The actuality of the research project
The research project is very actual because the phenomenon of
polysemy is widely spread in the English language and we often
have got the difficulties choosing necessary meanings. The
project demonstrates the analyzing and comparing of the
polysemantic words in English and Kazakh.

3.

The tasks of the research project:
1. To find out the definitions of polysemantic words in
different resources;
2. To define the types of the polysemantic words;
3. To look through the dictionaries of English and Kazakh;
4. To analyze the polysemantic words according to the
types ;
5. To compare the examples of the polysemantic words in
2 languages;

4.

The phenomenon of polysemy.
From
the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language:
The association of one word with a number of meanings. If these
meanings are quite distinct the words are homonyms, but frequently th
ere is a range of analogical
uses (plainprose, plain sailing) suggesting that it is wrong simply to dis
tinguish distinct senses.
From
From
the Oxford dictionary: Word having more than one meaning.
the Wikipedia: Is the capacity for a sign (such as
a word, phrase, or symbol) to have multiple meanings (that is,
multiple semes or sememes and thus multiple senses), usually related
by contiguity of meaning within a semantic field.

5.

Historical background
The modern term polysemy was popularized by Bréal in 1887.
Bréal knew that, diachronically, polysemy stems from the
fact that the new meaning or values that words acquire in
use do not automatically eliminate the old ones — polysemy
is therefore the result of semantic innovation. The new and
the old meanings exist in the parallel. The most important
factor that brings about the multiplication of meaning
diachronically and that helps to “reduce” the multiplicity of
meaning synchronically is the context of discourse.

6.

Phrasal verbs vs. Polysemantic words
They are made up of only
verbs with
prepositions.
Phrasal verbs are simple verbs
without their prepositions and
with these prepositions they
express the other meaning.
Ex:
Look for - search, seek
Look after- care, concern
Look up- search, seek, look for
Look through- browse, review
Look over- inspect, examine
They can be made up of all parts
of speech. Polysemantic words
have different meanings
without any helping word.
ex:
Kind- view, type, sort, class,
variety, genus, breed, nature,
hallmark, quality, good, warmhearted, well-minded, cordial.
Table-desk, schedule,
spreadsheet, meal, kitchen, board.
Band-group, stripe, range,
orchestra, ribbon, corbel,
relations, bunch, feature, unite,
wristband.

7.

The list of most polysemantic words
in English
set- 464 definitions in the
Oxford English Dictionary.
run- 396
go– 368
take– 343
stand– 334
get– 289
turn– 288
fall– 264
strike– 250
put– 268
in Kazakh
Бас-head; the top of something;
source of the river; stick`s
edge;beginning of something, to step
on.
Ата-grandfather; ата жолыtraditions, customs leaved from
ancestors; ата жұрт-your ancient
fatherland; ата кәсіп –leaved
manufacture from your ancestors.
Ат-name, horse, throw, shoot.

8.

Denotation
Connotation
• refers to the literal meaning of a word, the
"dictionary definition". For example the
word snake in a dictionary, is "any of numerous
scaly, legless reptiles, having a long, tapering,
cylindrical body and found in most tropical and
temperate regions
• refers to the associations that are connected to a certain word or the
emotional suggestions related to that word. The connotations for the
word snake could include evil or danger.
• For example: (negative meaning) When the person doesn’t agree with the
statement ,does not except the other opinions and he is stubborn we tell:
“You are donkey!’’ But he is not an animal , donkey is a connotation,
because emotionally expressed.

9.

1.cross- I.aйқыш-крест
II.ашулы-сердитый
2.can-І.істей алу-мочь,
ІІ.темір банкі-жестяная
банка
3.will-І. істеймін(болашақ)буду ІІ. ерік-желание
Verbs
Nouns
Adjectives
1.base-І. жиіркеніштіподлый ІІ.негіз-основа
2.brief-I.қысқалау –
короткий ІІ.адвокатты
жалдау-нанять адвоката
3.fair-I.әділеттіправедливый
ІІ.жәрмеңке-ярмарка
Polysemantic
words in
English
1.arm- I. қол-рука, II.
қару-жарақ –оружие
2.ball-I.доп,шармяч,II.бал(мереке)
3.bar- I. тосқауылпрепятствие,
II.тілім(шоколад ~і), плитка . III.бар,буфет

10.

1.Ағарту-I. to make smth white,
whitewash -побелить II.
enlighten-просветить
2.Айдау-I. distill- перегонять,
II.to plow-пахать
3.қанау-I. bleedingкровотечение, II. exploitation эксплуатация
Verbs
Nouns
Adjectives
1. көк- І.blue-голубой
II.sky-небо III. part of
kerege with ribbon-звено
кереге
2. есе- І.times,3~-раз II.
retribution- возмездие ІІІ.
share -доля
3.жасыл-I. green-зеленый
II. lightning-молния
Polysemantic
words in
Kazakh
1.Айқыш- I.
pattern(переплетенный),
-узор II. сrossedперекрестный
2.Айуан- I. brute-зверь,
скотина II. porch крыльцо
3. Жас –I.tear-слеза
II.age-возраст III.young
-молодой