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Plastic waste management strategies in various countries
1.
Plastic wastemanagement strategies
in various countries
Gavrilova
Polina, 141
2.
The first fully synthetic plastic was inventedin 1907. Since the 1950s, the use of plastic has
grown rapidly.
3.
97-99% of plastic is made from nonrenewable hydrocarbons, mostly crude oiland natural gas
4.
Approximately 36% of all plastics produced are used inpackaging, including single-use plastic products for food
and beverage containers, approximately 85% of which ends
up in landfills or as unregulated waste.
Plastic polymers types, resin codes, and
product examples
5.
The estimated global polymer consumptionby type and sector
6.
Management of plastic waste by categorybefore recycling losses, 2019 (OECD,
2022a)
7.
Microplastics are extremely small pieces of plastic.They are commonly considered to be micrometre-sized
particles less than 5 millimetres (mm) in length
8.
Microplastics are divided intoseveral types:
1. Primary microplastics
are intentionally
manufactured as
microscopic particles
that are used in certain
products and
applications.
2. Secondary
microplastics are
fragments of
macroscopic plastic
materials which arise,
for example, through
the fragmentation of
plastic bottles or the
disintegration of
tyres and textiles.
3. Microbeads are a
type of primary
microplastics that
are intentionally
manufactured and
added to cosmetics
and personal care
products (e.g. Scrubs
and toothpastes).
9.
Both marine and terrestrial animalsmay be entangled in plastic waste or
ingest plastic waste.
10.
Micro and nano plastics have alreadymade their way through the food chain
and on to our plates.
11.
For example, while 98% of the US’ waste stream ismanaged, only 12% is in India.
Plastic waste produced and
mismanaged
12.
Share of Total Plastic Leakage into theEnvironment, 2019
13.
Plastic waste inputs from land into theocean. Mismanaged waste
14.
In 2019, Parties to the Convention agreed to addplastic waste under the convention.
At the 16th Conference of the Parties held in May
2023, Parties to the Basel Convention adopted
technical guidelines on the environmentally sound
management of plastic waste.
15.
Guidance and guidelines under theBasel Convention
16.
Factsheets on the projectsimplemented under the SGP on
plastic waste
17.
Environmentally soundmanagement
18.
Policy approaches to reduceplastic leakage
19.
A policy roadmap for more circularuse of plastics.
Global Plastics Outlook (OECD, 2022a)
20.
National example: Ghana’sstrategy
Inplastic
Ghana, over 76%
of plastic waste is mismanaged. Only
9.5% of plastic waste is recycled in Ghana.
Lately, rePATRN Limited partnered with informal sector
workers to address mismanaged plastic waste. From 2015 to
2020 rePATRN helped collect over 900 metric tons of PET
each month.
21.
Ghana sets its own plastic managementsystem policy.
The policy sets up a plastic management system,
with the following elements:
1. A waste management hierarchy;
2. Extended producer responsibility (EPR);
3. Segregation at source;
4. A certification scheme and database;
5. Recycling targets;
6. A plastics trading platform;
7. Government action plans;
8. Mandatory industry action plans;
9. A resource mobilization strategy.
22.
Ghana’s innovative approach to tackle marine plasticpollution with citizen science
23.
Ban on types ofplastic in Russia
Up to five types of
plastic packaging,
including colored
plastic bottles, may
be banned in Russia
by 2024, and up to 20
by 2030. This will be
done within the
framework of the
federal project
“Circular Economy”.
The Russian
government also aims
to make 85% of all
24.
Plastic pollution inLake Baikal
25.
South Korea and Germany have the highestrecycling rates in the world.
Estimates show Germany (67.5%), and South Korea
(59%)
26.
China is the biggest producer of plastic,with about 60 million tonnes of plastic
waste, yet only 16 million tonnes were
recycled.
A high share of the world’s marine
litter and plastic pollution has its
origin in Asia. Hotspots
27.
In 2008, Rwanda became theworld’s first ‘plastic-free’
nation.
28.
In Costa Rica, the import, marketing, anddistribution of polystyrene containers was
banned in 2019. The ban officially went into
effect starting in 2021.
Violations of the ban result in fines of $763 to
$7,629 (Global Citizen 2019).
29.
Similarly,Chile
banned the
commercial
use of
plastic
bags in
2018.
30.
Plastic bag ban(laws passed but not yet in effect are not shown
on map)
31.
Conclusion
Plastic is an important
part of our lives and
has many benefits, but
there is a problem of
mismanaged waste of
plastics, which leads
to the problem of
microplastics.
Environmentally sound
management, ban of
plastics, Basel
Convention guidelines,
countries strategies
and also various startups addressing the
32.
ReferencesEPA – Best Practices for Solid Waste Management A Guide for
Decision-Makers in Developing Countries. Addressing Plastic Waste.
July 2023
OECD (2022), Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers,
Environmental Impacts and Policy Options, OECD Publishing, Paris,
https://doi.org/10.1787/de747aef-en.
https://unccelearn.org/course/view.php?id=131&page=overview
https://www.unep.org/interactives/beat-plastic-pollution/
https://sozd.duma.gov.ru/bill/154856-8
https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/waste/global-plastic-profileshave-countries-found-common-ground-on-effective-waste-management95643
33.
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