Modals. Lesson 1

1.

Modals
Lesson 1

2.

Questions for the shift.

3.

I.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Keys
b
a
d
c
d
b
a
b
a
c
II.
1. We ought to be careful.
2. It must have been a
terrible experience for
you.
3. You had better sit down.
4. Nancy didn't need to
clean the flat.
5. The report has to be on
my desk tomorrow
morning.

4.

Критерии оценивания:
5
4
excellent
14-15
good
11-13
3
2
satisfied
7-10
bad
0-6

5.

Lesson 2
Questions for the lesson.

6.

Deduction:
must, have to, have got to,
can’t, couldn’t.

7.

Vocabulary for the lesson
ridiculous – нелепый, смехотворный,
смешной
contradictory – противоречащий;
несовместимый; внутренне
противоречивый

8.

Complex modals
Modal+inf.
V
be Ving
have Ved/3.
вообще
сейчас
уже
Look at that car! Ali’s parents must have a lot of money.
I think I must be getting the flu.
We realized he must have lied.

9.

MUST/HAVE TO/CAN’T
must – должно быть (80% вероятности
совершения действия)
have to/have got to – скорее всего (замена must в
неформальной речи в настоящем времени)
can’t/couldn’t – не может быть (замена must в
отрицании)

10.

#1. Choose an ending (a—e) for each beginning (1-5) and add
appropriate forms of must or can't.
1 Julia goes to Malta every summer. (...)
2 What she’s asking for is ridiculous. (...)
3 The hands on the clock weren’t moving. (...)
4 Their daughter was only three this year. (...)
5 Those are two contradictory statements. (...)
a She ........... started school yet.
b If one is correct, the other .......... be.
c It’s crazy. She ........... joking.
d She ........... really like it there.
e It ........... stopped working.

11.

#2. Complete this dialogue with must or couldn’t plus
appropriate forms of the verbs.
Mum (putting on her coat): I’m going to have to go down to the shop for more bread.
Alan: Why?
Mum: I’m not sure what happened. I made some sandwiches earlier and left them on the table when
I went to answer the phone. But someone (1) ..................(take) them because they’re gone.
Alan: Oh, it (2) .................. (be) Dad. I’m sure he was in the kitchen earlier.
Mum: No, he went off to his tennis match before I finished making them, so he (3) ..................(do)
it. Anyway, he (4) ..................(carry) a plate of sandwiches as well as all his tennis stuff, so
I’m sure it wasn’t him.
Alan (opening fridge door): Well, it wasn’t me. But Mum, look! Are these your sandwiches here on
the bottom shelf of the fridge?
Mum: Are they in there? Oh, my goodness. I (5) ..................(put) them in there when the phone
rang. Oh, dear. I really (6) ..................(lose)
my mind. Now, why did I put on my coat?

12.

Summing up
1.
2.
3.
Learn how to express
deduction with modals.
Find the difference
between must, have to,
have got to, can’t and
couldn’t.
Learn how to use this
information.

13.

14.

Lesson 3
Questions for the lesson.

15.

Possibility:
may, might, can, could.

16.

Vocabulary for the lesson
absurd - нелепый, абсурдный; смешной,
глупый; смехотворный
feasible - реальный, выполнимый,
осуществимый (о замысле, плане и
т. п.)
undecided - нерешённый,
неразрешённый (о вопросе,
проблеме)

17.

CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT
can – может быть (50% вероятности
совершения действия только в
настоящем времени и в общем случае)
could – может быть (40%)
may – возможно (30%)
may not – возможно не
might – возможно (20%)
might not – возможно не

18.

#1. Using a vocabulary if necessary, complete each sentence
with a modal.
may \ may be \ might \ may not(x2) \ may have \might not
1. Your uncle ..................... run in a marathon when he was younger, but it’s absurd to keep
describing him as ‘one of the top runners’.
2. She ..................... breaking the rules and will possibly be disqualified from the rest of the
competition.
3. If someone is undecided about an action, they ..................... or ..................... do it.
4. We knew about the potential problems and the workmen had said they ..................... finish on
time.
5. Your plan ..................... be approved because people don’t think it’s economically feasible.
6. From a theoretical perspective, that ..................... happen, but nobody thinks it will.

19.

#2. Complete this text with appropriate forms of can or could
plus these verbs.
These days, when we (1) ..................... (pick) up a phone and call anywhere in the world, we
really don’t realize, and often (2) ..................... (not imagine), how difficult long-distance
communication (3) ..................... (be) for people in the past. In the early 19th century
the Treaty of Ghent brought an end to the War of 1812 between Britain and the United
States. But the news (4) ..................... (not send) across the Atlantic fast enough to stop
General Andrew Jackson attacking and defeating the British forces in New Orleans a full
three weeks after the treaty was signed. With better communication, the battle (5)
..................... (avoid) and the lives of more than two thousand people (6) .....................
(save).

20.

Summing up
1.
2.
3.
Learn how to express
possibility with modals.
Find the difference
between may, might, can
and could.
Learn how to use this
information.

21.

22.

Lesson 4
Questions for the lesson.

23.

Necessity:
must, have to, have got to,
need to, needn’t.

24.

Vocabulary for the lesson
obligation– гарантия, обязательство
required – необходимый; обязательный
significant – значительный, важный,
существенный; знаменательный

25.

MUST, HAVE TO, NEED TO
must – должен (обязан, приказ, желание
говорящего)
have to – приходится (обстоятельства)
need to – надо (нейтральное)

26.

Отрицательные формы
mustn’t – нельзя (обязательно не делать)
don’t have to – не нужно (необязательно
делать)
needn’t – не надо (необязательно в
частном случае)
don’t need to – не надо (необязательно в
общем случае)
didn’t need to – не надо было (не сделал)
needn’t have Ved/3 – не надо было (сделал)

27.

#1. Correct the mistakes in these sentences.
1 We have already washed all the dinner dishes so you mustn't clean them tonight.
2 Everyone will have got to go through metal detectors every time they enter the building.
3 I’ll need get some aspirin because I’ve got a terrible headache and I have to keep working.
4 The part that broke is a crucial component and I must to find a replacement immediately.
5 Whenever service is included in a bill, customers needn't to leave a tip for the waiter.
6 Our train arrived rather late and so we had got to take a taxi to get to our meeting on time.
7 I don’t want to be the one to must have to tell him that he failed the entrance exam again.
8 I’m sure you don’t need be over twenty-one to go into a pub here, but we must ask someone.
9 When we stayed with my grandmother, we must go to church with her every Sunday.
10 We didn’t know that our friends had already gone into the theatre so we needn’t have to wait all
that time for them outside in the cold.

28.

#2. Complete the sentences with appropriate forms of must or
have to.
1. An optional extra in a new car is something that is available, but you ..................... get it.
2. An essential step is a part of a procedure you’ll ..................... do in order for it to be
successful.
3. Forbidden fruit is something that you ..................... touch or have, even though you really want
it.
4. In the army, soldiers ..................... always obey a command given by a senior officer.
5. If you are under no obligation to do something, you ..................... do it.
6. When you buy things that are duty-free, you ..................... pay tax on them.
7. If the topic is taboo in a particular culture, it means that you ..................... talk about it
because it is considered offensive.
8. A necessary evil is something you don’t like or want, but which you may ..................... accept in
order to achieve your goal.

29.

#3. Complete these sentences with the verbs.
didn’t have to\ must \ need to \ having to \ mustn't \ needn’t have
1. I ..................... wear a jacket and tie last night. Formal attire was not required.
2. You ..................... made so much noise. All that shouting was quite unnecessary.
3. People ..................... have dogs in their rooms. Pets are not allowed in the hotel.
4. You won't ..................... fill in forms. All the official paperwork will be complete.
5. Not ..................... pay to use the pool is a significant benefit of being a student here.
6. Everyone ..................... have a valid passport because it will be impossible to enter the country
without one.

30.

Summing up
1.
2.
3.
Learn how to express
necessity with modals.
Find the difference
between must, have to,
have got to, need to and
needn’t.
Learn how to use this
information.

31.

32.

Lesson 5
Questions for the lesson.

33.

Obligation and advice:
should, ought to, be supposed to,
had better.

34.

Vocabulary for the lesson
ladder – лестница (приставная,
верёвочная)
spill – рассыпать; рассеивать
careless – легкомысленный, несерьёзный;
беззаботный; беспечный
superstitious - суеверный

35.

SHOULD, OUGHT TO, BE SUPPOSED
TO, HAD BETTER
should/ought to – следует, должен (но не
обязан, совет)
should/ought to have Ved/3 – следовало бы
(сожаление)
be supposed to – считается, что (=should в
неформальной речи, инструкция)
had better/ had better not – лучше бы (=should,
но сильнее)

36.

#1. Add these verbs to these sentences.
had better \ ought not \ should be \ is supposed to \ shouldn't \ should have
If you listen to the advice of a superstitious person, you ..................... be ready to pay a lot of
attention to what you’re doing each day. Be careful with that umbrella. You'll be told that you
..................... open it indoors. When you're walking along the street, watch out for a ladder. You
..................... careful not to walk under one. Did you spill any salt recently? You know that you
..................... immediately thrown some of it over your shoulder, don’t you? And remember that you
..................... to be careless with a mirror, because if you break one, you'll have seven years of bad
luck. However, if you see a black cat, that’s good, because it ..................... be lucky.

37.

#1. Complete the conversation. Use should, ought to, had
better or be supposed to and the verbs in brackets. Usually
there is more than one correct answer.
Vicky: What time (0) are we supposed to be (we / be) at the coffee morning?
Rachel: The invitation says ten o’clock.
Vicky: — Well, it’s ten now. (1) ..................... (we / hurry). (2) ..................... (we / not / be) late.
Rachel: Oh, it won’t matter if we’re a bit late.
Vicky: I think it would be rude, wouldn't it? I don’t think people (3) ..................... (arrive) late when
they’ve been invited to something.
Rachel: You worry too much. (4) ..................... (you / not / take) everything so seriously, Vicky.
It’s a coffee morning, not a job interview. (5) ..................... (we / not / get) there exactly on
time.

38.

Summing up
1.
2.
3.
Learn how to express
obligation and advice
with modals.
Find the difference
between should, ought
to, be supposed to and
had better.
Learn how to use this
information.

39.

40.

Final Test
Lesson 6

41.

Критерии оценивания:
5
4
excellent
14-15
good
11-13
3
2
satisfied
7-10
bad
0-6

42.

I.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Keys
b
a
d
c
d
b
a
b
a
c
II.
1. We ought to be careful.
2. It must have been a
terrible experience for
you.
3. You had better sit down.
4. Nancy didn't need to
clean the flat.
5. The report has to be on
my desk tomorrow
morning.

43.

1.
2.
3.
Summing up
Learn how to express
possibility, necessity,
deduction, obligation and
advice with modals.
Find the difference between
may, might, can, could, must,
have to, have got to, need to,
should, ought to, be supposed
to and had better.
Learn how to use this
information.

44.

Thanks!