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ИТ инновации в бизнесе eng

1.

IT-Innovations in business:
system formulation of the
managerial/controlling
problem (task)

Definitions
• Innovation — a new idea, method, or device. The introduction
of something new. An implemented novelty that provides an
increase in the efficiency of the organization.
• Novelty – the quality of being new, original or unusual. It is a
formalized result of intellectual (scientific and technical) activity,
which is an object of civil law relations.
The object of research and management is the organizational
system.
The task is to increase the efficiency of the organization.

3.

Managerial/Controlling Task
To carry out such a managing/ controlling
influence on the organizational system, the
purpose of which is to increase the efficiency
of its functioning.
System formulation of the managerial problem – formulation of the
managerial problem in the system analysis language

4.

Content
• Novelty
• Efficiency
• Description of the system
• System behavior and purpose
• Management/Control
• System formulation of the managerial problem

5.

Novelty

6.

Novelty the quality of being new, original or unusual. It is a formalized result
of intellectual (scientific and technical) activity, which is an object of
civil law relationships
• Novelty:
- in structure (new elements & connections)
- in functioning (new function, new technique)
- in application (new data, new resources, new scale etc.)
- new knowledge (as a result of analytics application to the
object/subject under investigation or experiments).
• 2 features of novelty:
- nobody did it before
- implementation makes system more effective
Task 0. Identify novelty of your study. Prove that it is really novelty
(literature review, patent search and comparison with found cases
looking like yours)

7.

Efficiency

8.

The concept of efficiency
• Efficiency (lat. effectivus) — Relationship between the result achieved and the
resources used (ISO 9000:2015).
In more mathematical or scientific terms, it signifies the level of performance that
uses the least amount of inputs to achieve the highest amount of output.
E = P/C,
where P is the amount of useful output ("product") produced per the amount C ("cost") of
resources consumed
• In economics: labor productivity, return on funds, profitability, payback, etc.
• In technology: Energy conversion efficiency, etc.
• Managerial efficiency: result gain/change costs
• Task 1:
- define which organizational system is the object of your management/control;
- define the parameters of this organizational system's efficiency, which will be
improved during the course of work.

9.

Top-level efficiency
• The degree to which society's ultimate requirements are met,
particularly those related to the development of the human
personality, is the primary indicator of socio-economic
efficiency.
The economic system that most effectively meets people's
various needs: material, social, and spiritual; and ensures a
good standard of living is the most socioeconomically efficient.

10.

Description of the system

11.

Definition of the system
S ≡ {A,R} ,
where A= {ai} — system components,
R= {rj} — connections (relations) between them.
S ≡ {A,R, Z, SR, ΔT, N},
where
A — system components,
R — connections (relations) between them,
Z — purpose (goal),
SR — environment,
ΔT — time interval
N – observer

12.

Black box Model

13.

Types of resource flows in the black box
model
• Material
• Energy
• Information
• Human (personnel, client)
• Financial
Task 2:
- Identify which resource transformation your innovation belongs to;
- define all five elements of the black box model (what is at the input,
what is at the output, etc.) in the context of this type of resource
transformation.

14.

Example of a system
(material flow)

15.

Hierarchy of structures:
system, supra system, subsystem
Task 3: identify the supra
system and subsystems of
the managed organizational
system, separately identify
the subsystem to which your
innovation belongs.

16.

Conceptual Model
Answers the following 5 questions:
• the main functions of the system (transformation of an
important resource flow from the position of an external
observer)
• the way these functions are implemented (how these main
functions are implemented)
• the structure of the system (its subsystems, elements, etc.)
• the direction of its functioning
• the purpose / result of functioning (what is required by the
supra system from this system)
Task 4: Answer the questions of the conceptual model (at least
briefly). Use the results of tasks 1-3.

17.

Tuple model
Tuple model = < Morphology, Behavior , Management, Evolution; R >,
Morphology– morphology (structure) model;
Behavior – behavior (functioning);
Management – management (controlling);
Evolution – evolution (lifecycle);
R – matrix of connections between them

18.

Morphology
(structure) model
(using the example of multiple agents)
{MA} = < MA1, .., MAi, .., MAN, RMA1..N >
МАi = < МАiE, МАiС, МАiStr, МАiAD; RМАi>,
• МАiE – multiple agent elements;
• МАiС – many connections between these elements;
• МАiStr – Multiple agent structures;
• МАiAD – the set of acceptable compositions/decompositions of the
whole morphology of the agent;
• RМАi – the matrix of connections between the specified sets.
(agent – enterprise)

19.

Behavior model
(functioning)
(using the example of multiple agents)
B = < BА, BР, BСр; RB>,
BА = < BА1, .., BАi, .., BАN; RBА1-N >,
BАi = < BАiI, BАiO, BАiS, BАiT; RBАi >,
• BАiI – the set of inputs of the i – th agent;
• BАiO– set of its output;
• BАiS – set of possible states of the agent;
• BАiT – a set of fixed points in time;
• RBАi - relationship matrix.

20.

Identification of the Lifecycle stage (system,
subsystem) at which the managerial task is set
1 stage
LC
2 Stage LC ……….
Supra system
System
Subsystems
Х
Last stage
LC

21.

Task 5 (use the results of tasks 1-4)
• Identify the main subsystems of the organizational system and the
relationships between them
• Identify the factors that affect the value of the performance
indicator(s)
• Describe in detail the subsystem to which your innovation belongs
(its structure; the functioning of each selected element of the
structure, its impact on the performance indicator of interest – how
the structure itself affects, how its behavior affects; determine the
stages of the LC, systems and subsystems to which your management
belongs). It is better in tabular form.

22.

THE BEHAVIOR OF THE SYSTEM.
Purpose

23.

Definition
The goal is the final/desired state of the system.
The structure of the system is a set of relations
between the elements necessary and sufficient to
achieve the goal.
Movement is a change in the state of the system
caused by external and internal causes (any
interaction of material objects, a change in their
states, any change in general).

24.

Definitions
The state of the system is a set of values of characteristics describing the system.
S=<C1, C2, C3, …, Cn>
(instant "photo" of the system).
The space of acceptable states of the system.
The state of the system is determined by:
- input and output states;
- internal states of the system;
- macro parameters.
Task 6 (use task 5):
write out all the parameters that will describe the state of the system/subsystem
with innovation + parameters that affect the state of the system (and through it –
on efficiency)

25.

Definition
The ability of a system to move from one state to another is called the
behavior of the system.
The trajectory is a set of sequential states of the system in the process
of movement.
! The initial and final states can be the same, and the trajectories can
be different.

26.

Goals of the system
(х10, х20, х30,…)
(х1к, х2к, х3к,…) - goal
Initial state vector
Final state vector
х2
х2 к
х1 0
Х10
Х1к
х1
To determine the correctness of the path to the goal, the criteria for achieving the goal
are used.

27.

System: Goal (Purpose)
The criterion for achieving the goal is a rule that allows you to compare the
actual behavior of the system with the desired one (the current efficiency
value with the target value)
Example.
|х20-х2к |→0 - can be the goal criteria
For goal–oriented systems - the system reaches a certain state (with a given
efficiency value);
For value-oriented systems, the value of the system (efficiency) increases.
Task 7 (based on the results of task 6):
- choose one of two options (see above)
- write down the goal of the system, conditions /limitations in achieving the goal, criteria
for achieving the goal

28.

Management/Controlling

29.

System management
Management/controlling is the process
of forming a purposeful behavior of the
system by influencing it.

30.

Types of management
There are 2 types of management:
● In the system (internal) - internal function
● System management – external function

31.

Generalized model of the management/controlling
system
MGS –
mechanism of
generating
solutions
Task 8: determine
what is a
managing and
what is a managed
subsystem

32.

Management structures of complex systems
Management structures
• Simple
MGS
MGS – mechanism of
generating solutions
OC - output converter
OC
О
О – object

33.

Management structures of complex systems
• Closed
IC
MGS
OC
О
IC - input converter

34.

Management structures of complex systems
• Adaptive management
IC
MGS
OC
О
Adaptor

35.

Adaptive management
In adaptive systems, the lack of a priori information is compensated by
more complete use of current information.
It is used in cases when the management doctrine (in MGS) can be
rebuilt in a relatively short time interval.

36.

Management structures of complex systems
• Model
IC
MGS
OC
О
Model

37.

Vector of management/control
• Composition management (introduction of new and removal of
old elements);
• Structure management (transformation of connections within
the system);
• Operation management (changing the algorithms of the
system);
• Institutional management (changing the rules/external
conditions to which the system is subject).
Task 9 (taking into account tasks 7 and 8): create a vector of
management (which components of the management vector are
you using and how they are specified in your system)

38.

The simplest feedback management/control
algorithm
• Collecting information about the state of the object under management
• Analysis of information about the state of it
• Development of alternative management impacts
• The choice of one option from the alternative
• Implementation and control
• Collecting information (about the new state of the object under management)
• Analysis of information (deviations of the state object in comparison with the
desired one), etc.
Task 10: check whether the results of tasks 1-9 are sufficient for the
implementation of this algorithm; if necessary, supplement them

39.

System management functions and tasks
• Definition of the purpose and criteria of management (how
we influence the system);
• Defining the structure of the system;
• Predicting system behavior;
• Planning the resources and structures needed to achieve the
goal;
• Accounting and control of resources in the management
process;
• The regulatory function is the adaptation of the system to
changes in the external environment.
Task 11: coordinate the results of tasks 1-10 with each other

40.

SYSTEM FORMULATION OF THE
MANAGERIAL PROBLEM (TASK)

41.

System as the object of management/control
System
Management goal
Management subject
Объект
управления
Management
object
Agents
External environment
41

42.

System agents and their characteristics
System
Management goal
Management subject
Management object
Agents
Агенты
External environment
*ЧП = ФП + ВП + ОП – СН, где
ВП = выручка – себестоимость продукции
ФП = финансовые доходы – финансовые расходы
ОП – операционная прибыль
42
СН – сумма налогов