neologism (2)

1. NEOLOGISMS

• Language is the human capacity
for acquiring and using complex
systems of communication. The
scientific study of language is
called linguistics.

2. Human Language

• Words of language represent concepts in the
mind of the speaker and the listener
• With concept change or new concept
formation → new words
• Neologism → “neo” (new) + “logos” (word)

3. New Containers for New Ideas

• «Neologism: Neologisms
are «words that have
appeared in a language in
connection with new
phenomena, new
concepts,… but which have
not yet entered into the
active vocabularies of a
significant portion of the
native speakers of the
language». (Woodhouse
dictionary, 1972, p. 225)
• «A neologism is the term used to
describe a word that has been
made-up or invented by a speaker,
which appears in a transcript of
spontaneous speech dialogue...»
• (Internet http://en.wiktionary.org)

4. Means of Word Creation

• Affixation (addition of prefixes
and suffixes):
brouser, antivirus, interface
• Conversion (a process of creating
a new word from some existing
one or by changing part of
speech, the morphemic shape of
the original word remaining
unchanged):
update, back-up,
to google, to skype, to email
• Compounds (several stem
formations):
touchscreen, crowdsourcing
• Semantic change (metaphor,
metonymy):
log on/out, “железо”,
software, hardware, online,
offline
• Borrowings (loan translation,
adopting):
беспроводной; wi-fi, i-Pad,
Windows, драйвер,
дисплей, процессор
• Shortening, acronymizing,
initializing:
IT, USB-порт, ПО, 3-D

5. Examples

IMAX (an abbreviation for Image
Maximum) is a motion picture film format
and a set of cinema projection standards
created by the Canadian company IMAX
Corporation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX
• i-Pod, i-Pad, i-Phone
The "i" was a common component of the
names that Apple gave products in 2001,
when the iPod was released. Among the
examples of this are iMac, iBook, iPhoto, and
iTunes. While some of those products live on,
Apple has largely dropped the "i" prefix from
its products (the Macbook replaced the iBook,
for instance), though it lives on in iTunes,
iMac, and iPad.As to where the "i" comes
from, there aredifferent theories.
Some say that "i" stands for "internet," though
that doesn't quite seem to ring true in all
instances. Other people say the "i" stands for
the first initial of Apple designer Jonathan Ive's
last name. Ive's innovative and appealing
hardware designs have made Apple products
very influential, but he designs hardware, not
software, so that doesn't explain the use of
the "i" for programs like iTunes.
The "pod," according to some sources, stands
for "portable open database," the name of the
software that runs the iPod
• Google: To use an online search
engine as the basis for looking up
information on the World Wide Web.

6. Diverse and marvellous

• 404: Someone who's clueless.
From the World Wide Web error
message 404 Not Found, meaning
that the requested document could
not be located.
• Crowdsourcing: The activity of getting a large
group of people to contribute resource to project,
especially by using a website where people can
make contributions.
• Spam: Flooding the Internet with many copies
of the same message, in an attempt to force
the message on people who would
not otherwise choose to receive it.

7. BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Арбекова Т.И. Лексикология английского языка. М.: «Высшая школа». 1977.
2. Арнольд И.В. Лексикология современного английского языка, М.: «Высшая школа». 1986.
3. Арнольд И.В. Стилистика современного английского языка. М.: Просвещение. 1983.
4. Ахманова О.С. Словарь лингвистических терминов М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1996.
5. Гальперин И.Р. Стилистика. М.: «Высшая школа». 1977.
6. Заботкина В.И. Новая лексика современного английского языка. М.: «Высшая школа». 1989.
7. Карпов А.К. Учебный словарь лингвистический терминов и понятий. Нижневартовск: Издательство
НГПИ. 2002.
8. Локкет Брайен Почему так? М.: «Школа – Пресс». 1998.
9. Малоземова С.И. Лексикология современного английского языка. Нижневартовск: Издательство
НГПИ. 2003.
10. Манерко Л.А «English through the History of the British People». Рязань: Рязанский
государственный педагогический университет им. С.А. Есенина. 1998.
11. Матюшенков В.С. Dictionary of slang in North America, Great Britain and Australia. М.: «Флинта»,
«Наука», 2002.
12. Смирницкий А.И. Лексикология английского языка. М.: 1998
13. Соколов И.М. Современная русская лексикология. М.: Высшая школа. 2001.