Lex and Its Object (1)

1.

2. Lectures

1. Lexicology and Its Object. Word as the Basic
Concept of Lexicology.
2. Etymology of English Words. Borrowings.
3. Structure of the English Word. 4. Word Building
(4 + ).
5. Word Meaning. Polysemy. Semantic changes.
6. English Vocabulary. Synonyms. Homonyms.
Euphemisms. Antonyms.
7. Word Groups. English Phraseology.
8. Varieties of English.
9. English Lexicography.

3.

Дубенец Э.М. Modern English Lexicology. Theory and
Practice. – М. Глосса-Пресс, 2010. – 192 с.
Катермина В.В. Лексикология английского языка.
Практикум. – М.: Флинта Наука, 2010. – 120 с.
Антрушина Г.Б., Афанасьева О.В., Морозова Н.Н.
Лексикология английского языка. – М.: Дрофа,
2008.
Арнольд И.В. Лексикология современного
английского языка. – М., 2000.
Бабич Г.Н. Lexicology: A current Guide. Лексикология
английского языка: учеб. пособие – М.: Флинта:
Наука, 2009.
Елисеева В.В. Лексикология английского языка. –
М., 2005. – 80 с.

4.

Collins Online Dictionary –
http://www.collinsdictionary.com
Cambridge Dictionaries Online –
http://dictionary.cambridge.org
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
Online – http://www.ldoceonline.com
Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced
Learners – http://www.macmillandictionary.com
Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary –
http://www.merriam-webster.com
Roget's Thesaurus – http://www.bartleby.com
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary –
http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
Oxford Advanced American Dictionary –
http://oaadonline.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com.

5. Lexicology and Its Object

6. Plan

1.
Lexicology as a science.
2. The diachronic and synchronic
approaches to the study.
3. Branches of lexicology.
4. The main problems of lexicology.
5. The word as the main unit of
language and speech.

7.

term “lexicology” comes from the
two Greek roots: lexis (word) and logos
(learning) and means the study of
words. Words form vocabulary or
lexicon – all the words of a language.
Lexicology studies how words are
formed, how they have developed, how
they are used, how they relate in
meaning to each other and how they are
handled in dictionaries.
The

8.

The
word is the basic unit of the lexical
system of a language resulting from the
association of a particular meaning with a
particular group of sounds capable of a
particular grammatical employment.
The
word-group is a group of words that
exists in the language as a ready-made
unit, has the unity of meaning and of
syntactical function.

9.

On
the paradigmatic (substitution) level,
the word is studied in its relationship with
other words in the vocabulary system:
syno-, homo- and antonyms, lexicosemantic variants, etc.
On the syntagmatic (sequence) level, the
word is analyzed in its linear relationships
with words in connected speech:
word groups of different types: free and
bound, idioms, etc.

10.

There
are 2 approaches to study the voc:
descriptive (synchronic from Greek
"syn " — "together with" and "chronos" —
"time") and historical (diachronic from
Greek "dia" — "through").
The synchronic approach is concerned
with the vocabulary of a language at the
given stage of its development,
the diachronic approach deals with the
changes and the development of
vocabulary in course of time.

11.

lexicology
general
special
historical
descriptive

12. General lexicology

the general study
of words and vocabulary,
irrespective of
specific features
of any particular language

13. Special lexicology

the description of the
characteristic peculiarities
in the vocabulary
of a given language
(German, English, Russian, etc.)

14. Parts, or branches of lexicology:

etymology
semasiology
(semantics)
word building (=word formation)
phraseology
neology
emotology
lexicography

15.

Etymology
is the part of lexicology that
studies the origin of words.
Neology
is the part of lexicology that
studies new words.
Semasiology
is the part of lexicology
that studies the meaning of words and
types of meanings.
Emotology
is the part of lexicology that
studies the emotive component of word
meanings.

16.

Word
building studies the parts of a
word (its morphology), and the patterns
on which a language builds new words.
Phraseology
is the part of lexicology
dealing with set expressions which are
part of the vocabulary.
Lexicography
is the part of lexicology
consisting in dictionary making*.

17.

Lexicology
studies the following
problems:
the
definition of the word,
the meaning of the word,
the processes of semantic change,
word groups,
combinability,
idioms,
the structure of the lexicon, etc.

18.

Lexicology
deals with words, their
meaning and vocabulary structure.
Thus
it is a branch of linguistics
with its own aims and methods of
research,
its basic goal being a study and
systematic description of vocabulary
with respect to its origin, development
and use.

19.

(B.L. Whorf, 1938) – a unit of
lexical meaning, which exists regardless
of any endings or the number of words it
may contain (headwords in dictionaries).
Word has many aspects.
It has a sound form and morphological
structure; it is used in different wordforms and various meanings in speech.
The word is a sort of focus for the
problems of phonology, lexicology,
syntax, and morphology.
Lexeme

20.

21.

A word
usually conveys a notion (N).
N is psychological category. N and
linguistic categories are closely
connected.
N-s are realized through words,
without words they cannot exist. N-s
are realized through the component of
the word called meaning.
Meaning is not identical to N, but may
reflect human notions.

22.

So
by meaning we understand the
component of the word through which
the notion is realized.
Thus, the word is the fundamental unit
of a language used for the purposes
of human communication, resulting
from the association of a group of
sounds with a meaning, capable of
grammatical employment.

23.

The word is characterized by positional
mobility within a sentence and
indivisibility.
It is the smallest language unit that can
stand alone as a complete utterance.
Notions (concepts) fixed in the meaning
of words are formed as generalized
reflections of reality, therefore in
signifying them words reflect reality in
their content.
The acoustic aspect of the word (sound
form) serves to name objects of reality.

24.

language, vocabulary,
diachrony, synchrony,
word, lexeme,
notion,
concept.
KEY TERMS

25. http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british

Language – a system of communication
consisting of sounds, words and grammar, or
the system of communication used by the
people of a particular country or profession
Vocabulary – all the words which exist in a
particular language or subject
Word – a single unit of language which has
meaning and can be spoken or written
Notion – theory or belief or idea
Concept – a principle or idea

26.

Lexeme – a meaningful linguistic unit that is
an item in the vocabulary of a language
Diachrony → change extending through time;
diachronic: of, relating to, or dealing with
phenomena (as of language or culture) as they
occur or change over a period of time
Synchrony → a state in which things happen,
move, or exist at the same time;
synchronic (linguistics) concerned with events
existing in a limited time period and ignoring
historical antecedents