5.19 report (1)

1.

GLOBALIZATION AND NATIONAL
COMPETITIVENESS
THEORY, EVALUATION, AND STRATEGIC INSIGHTS
MASTER STUDENT
SCIENTIFIC SUPERVISOR
Zhang jin xin
O.E. TRYASUNOVA
MINSK · 2026

2.

04
CONTENTS
01
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
02
03
EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS
04
05
...
Evolution of Competitiveness Theories
The Comprehensive Strategic Adaptation
Index (CSAI)
STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS
Pathways to Enhance Competitiveness
PAGE 04
National Competitiveness Research Report
A Five-Country Comparative Study
CORE METHODOLOGY

3.

01
Part
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

4.

Evolution of Competitiveness Theories
01
Classical & Modern
Theories
02
Sustainable & Resilient
Stage (21st C)
• Static Factor Endowment (18-20th C):Adam Smith's absolute
advantage and David Ricardo's comparative advantage focused on
natural resources and labor.
• Broadened Scope:Competitiveness now encompasses social
• Dynamic & Multidimensional (Mid-20th C
onwards):Theories evolved to include institutions (New Institutional
• Core Dimensions:It now evaluates institutional quality, social
Economics), innovation (Endogenous Growth Theory), and systemic
interactions (Porter's Diamond Model).
inclusion, environmental sustainability, and economic resilience.
cohesion, green development, and the ability to withstand external
shocks.

5.

Timeline of Competitiveness Theories
1776 - 1930s: Classical School
Focus: Absolute & Comparative Advantage
Key: Labor productivity & trade specialization
1930s - 1980s: Neoclassical &
Institutional
1990s - Present: Systemic
View
Focus: Factor Endowments & Institutions
Key: Land, labor, capital & institutional rules
Focus: Dynamic & Multi-dimensional Capabilities
Key: Clusters, demand conditions & innovation
Core Evolution Logic

6.

New Trends in Globalization
Internal Factors
External Factors
Regionalization of GVCs:Trade is shifting from
Digital Transformation:Technology offers opportunities for
global optimization to regional security, creating new
challenges for latecomers.
leapfrogging but also exacerbates the global digital divide.
Structural Capital Redistribution:Global capital
become the core driver of competitiveness.
Global Talent Competition:High-skilled human capital has
flows increasingly towards green and digital
economies.
New Trends Shaping the Global Economic Landscape

7.

02
CORE METHODOLOGY

8.

Strategic Adaptation Model (SAM)
Key Features
Core Logic:
strategic adaptability
• Dynamic:Views competitiveness as an evolving capability, not a
static endowment.
• Strategic:Emphasizes top-down design and systemic planning.
• Systemic:Integrates economic, innovative, institutional, and
global dimensions.

9.

Components of the CSAI Index
CSAI Index Composition
The CSAI is a composite index measuring strategic adaptability,
composed of five core dimensions, all sourced from the World
Bank.
●GDP Growth:Economic dynamism and resilience.
Indicator
Connotation
GDP Growth (%)
Economic dynamism and resilience
R&D Expenditure (% of GDP)
Innovation intensity
Trade Openness (%)
Global integration
FDI Inflows (% of GDP)
Global resource allocation
GDP per Capita ($)
Material foundation for adjustment
●R&D Expenditure:Innovation intensity and technological
adaptability.
●Trade Openness:Global integration and strategic flexibility.
●FDI Inflows:Ability to attract global capital and resources.
●GDP per Capita:Overall economic development level.

10.

Components of the CSAI Index
Data Standardization and Index Calculation second step
Data Standardization and Index
Calculation first step
(x'_{i1t}\): Standardized value of GDP
growth rate
l(x'_{i2t}\): Standardized value of R&D
expenditure as a percentage of GDP
l(x'_{i3t}\): Standardized value of trade
openness\(x'_{i4t}\)
l(x'_{i4t}\): Standardized value of FDI
inflows as a percentage of GDP
l(x'_{i5t}\): Standardized value of GDP per
capita (current US$)

11.

PART 03

12.

CSAI Index Overall Ranking & Trends (2020-2025)
[柱状图 五国平均CSAI得分对比]
[折线图 2020-2025 五国CSAI指数增长趋势]
Average CSAI Score Ranking
Key Findings & Analysis
The bar chart displays the average CSAI scores of five countries from 2020 to
2025. The ranking is as follows:
1. Poland (0.571) – Ranked first
2. USA (0.563) – Ranked second
3. Germany (0.547) – Ranked third
4. China (0.402) – Ranked fourth
5. Kazakhstan (0.219) – Ranked fifth
•General Trend:All countries show an upward trend in CSAI, indicating active
strategic adjustments post-global shocks.
•Development Gap:Developed economies (Poland, USA, Germany) lead the
ranking, while emerging economies like China are steadily catching up.
•Fastest Growth:Kazakhstan demonstrates the highest growth rate (24.43%
annually), driven by energy price rebounds, though structural challenges
remain.

13.

Country Analysis: Germany
01
02
Primary Driver: R&D Investment
Secondary Driver: FDI
Coefficient: 1.176
Coefficient: 0.666
Germany's competitiveness is deeply rooted in its strong
manufacturing base and continuous technological innovation. High
R&D investment is the cornerstone of its adaptability.
While Germany is a capital exporter, attracting FDI remains crucial
for industrial upgrading and technology spillovers, complementing
its domestic innovation ecosystem.

14.

Country Analysis: USA
01
02
Primary Driver: R&D Investment
Secondary Driver: FDI
Coefficient: 1.429
As the global technology leader, R&D is the core engine for the US
to maintain its competitiveness. The high coefficient reflects the
critical role of innovation.
Coefficient: 0.667
Despite its capital abundance, attracting global capital and talent
through FDI is vital for sustaining its vibrant innovation ecosystem.

15.

Country Analysis: China
01
02
Primary Driver: FDI
Secondary Driver: R&D Investment
Coefficient: 1.000
This reflects China's strategic path of driving industrial upgrading
and technological progress through attracting foreign investment over
the past period.
Coefficient: 0.556
As the innovation-driven development strategy deepens, the
importance of R&D is increasingly prominent, showing a transition
from factor-driven to innovation-driven.
ANALYSIS REPORT

16.

Country Analysis: Poland
01
02
Primary Driver: R&D Investment
Secondary Driver: FDI
Coefficient: 0.800
Coefficient: 0.500
Poland has successfully leveraged European manufacturing
relocation and combined it with its own R&D efforts to rapidly
enhance its competitiveness.
As a transition economy, FDI is crucial for accessing technology and
capital, playing a key role in its integration into the European value
chain.

17.

Country Analysis: Kazakhstan
01
02
Primary Driver: R&D Investment
Secondary Driver: FDI
Coefficient: 5.000
Coefficient: 1.000
The extremely high coefficient indicates massive potential. Any
small increase in R&D investment yields a significant boost to the
CSAI index from a very low base.
FDI is vital for Kazakhstan's economic diversification and
infrastructure development, helping to reduce its reliance on natural
resources.
KAZAKHSTAN ANALYSIS

18.

Part 04
STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS

19.

Strategic Implications (1/2)
Innovation-Driven
Development
Deepen High-Level Openingup
• Shift from factor-driven to innovation-driven
• Proactively participate in global economic
governance.
• Increase investment in basic research, improve
IP protection, and cultivate high-skilled talent.
• Promote trade and investment liberalization and
facilitation.
• Optimize the business environment to attract
high-quality FDI.
Strategic Outlook
growth.

20.

Strategic Implications (2/2)
Institutional Quality
Economic Resilience
Enhancement
Building
•Improve the legal system and strengthen property
rights protection.
•Enhance government efficiency to reduce
institutional transaction costs.
•Promote economic diversification to reduce reliance
on single sectors.
•Ensure the security of key industrial and supply
chains.
•Establish a robust financial risk prevention and
control system.

21.

THANK YOU