Lecture 1 апз

1. Lecture 1 Architecture of Industrial Buildings

P R E P A R E D B Y: S . E . N I Y E T B A Y

2. Industrialized Construction of Industrial Buildings

Modern industrial construction is based on a developed
network of factories producing prefabricated building
components.
These factories supply construction sites with large-size
elements weighing up to 50 tonnes, depending on the
lifting capacity of erection cranes.
A significant proportion of industrial buildings and
structures are constructed according to standard
designs.
Standardization selects the most universal spatialplanning and structural solutions, providing the greatest
economic efficiency during construction and operation.
Both individual-purpose buildings and sections of
universal industrial buildings are standardized.

3. Unification and Structural Systems

Modern standard industrial buildings are unified
and adapted to industrial construction methods.
Unification is based on economical and universal
building elements selected according to
manufacturing, transportation and erection
requirements.
Industrial buildings require large unobstructed
floor areas for heavy machinery and must
withstand significant, sometimes dynamic,
technological loads.
Their load-bearing structures are therefore
designed as frame systems made of high-strength
materials—primarily steel and reinforced
concrete.
Unified components are produced according to a
common range approved by the construction
authorities.

4. Building Envelope and Internal Structures

The interior is separated
from the external
environment by enclosing
structures: walls and roofs.
Heated buildings use
effective thermal-insulation
materials.
Shell-type structures that
combine load-bearing and
enclosing functions are
particularly efficient.
Walls include door, window
and gate openings, while
roofs contain skylights for
ventilation and natural
lighting.
Internal structures—floors,
intermediate floors and
service staircases—divide
the building into rooms and
provide platforms and access
to industrial equipment.

5. Application of Reinforced Concrete

Precast reinforced concrete is widely used in the loadbearing frames of single-storey buildings up to 18 m high.
It is used where overhead cranes have lifting capacities up to
30 tonnes and building spans reach 24 m.
In multistorey industrial buildings, reinforced concrete is used
for floor loads up to 2.5 t/m².
Enclosing structures mainly include lightweight-concrete and
reinforced-concrete wall panels, ribbed floor slabs and roof
slabs.
Application of
Reinforced
Concrete
Precast reinforced-concrete spatial structures are especially
suitable for covering large-span buildings.
Cast-in-place reinforced concrete is mainly used for isolated
column foundations.
Its principal advantages are durability, fire resistance and
savings in steel.

6. Application of Steel Structures

Steel structures are increasingly used in industrial
construction due to the development of the metallurgical
industry.
They are used in single-storey frames with heights
exceeding 14.4 m, overhead crane capacities of 50 tonnes
or more, and spans of 30 m or more.
Steel is also suitable for special operating conditions and
for multistorey buildings with floor loads exceeding 2.5
t/m².
The main advantages of steel structures are strength, low
weight, and ease of cutting, welding and fastening.
Crane girders and roof trusses may be made of steel and
supported by precast reinforced-concrete columns.
Longitudinal bracing, small structural elements, window
panels and skylight structures are also commonly made of
rolled steel.
High-strength steels are increasingly used for loadbearing structures, while lightweight metals are
increasingly used for enclosing structures.
Application of Steel Structures

7. Column Grids and Floor Systems of General-Purpose Industrial Buildings

Roofs of single-storey spantype buildings are mainly
constructed from unified flat
elements: slabs, beams and
trusses.
Flat structures can cover
spans of up to 36 m with
column spacing of up to 18 m.
Due to the mass production of
unified 6 m wall and window
panels, a 6 m spacing is
preferable for external
columns.
These elements sequentially
transfer the applied load to
the columns.
The spacing of external and
internal columns and the roof
structures may be:
• 6 m;
• 12 m;
• combined: 6 m for external columns
and 12 or 18 m for internal columns.
A 12 m spacing is common for
internal columns because it
allows more efficient and
flexible use of production
areas.

8. Flat Roof Systems for Single-Storey Buildings

In one-bay buildings, the roof is supported by roof trusses.
In two-bay buildings, a secondary truss is placed along the
central row of columns.
The system of longitudinal bracing depends on the presence,
lifting capacity and operating mode of crane equipment.
Roofs may be constructed using lattice purlins and roof
trusses spaced at 12 m.
Typical building spans range from 18 to 36 m.
Typical external column spacing is 6 m, while internal spacing
may reach 8 or 12 m.
Roof structures may include skylight frames and skylight
panels.

9. Spatial Roof Systems for Single-Storey Buildings

• Spatial roof systems may use double-curvature shells
assembled from 3 × 6 m curved slabs.
• Typical spans range from 24 to 36 m.
• Column spacing is:
• 18 m for buildings with suspended cranes;
• 12 m for buildings with overhead cranes of up to 50
tonnes lifting capacity.
• Another system uses a suspended slab made of square
elements.
• Its principal dimensions are approximately 24 × 12 m.
• The structure consists of a prestressed beam grid and
reinforced-concrete box-shaped elements measuring 2.92
× 2.98 × 1.10 m.

10. Multistorey Frame Systems

For buildings with floor loads up to 1.5 t/m², a span of 9 m may be
used; for loads up to 2.5 t/m², the span is 6 m.
Buildings may be up to 5 storeys high.
Storey heights are 3.6, 4.8 or 6.0 m; the first storey may be
increased by 1.2 m.
Columns extending through 1–2 storeys have sections of 0.6 × 0.4 m
or 0.4 × 0.4 m.
Rectangular or T-shaped girders have a section of approximately
0.3 × 0.8 m.
Floor slabs are 0.75 or 1.5 m wide and have longitudinal or
transverse ribs 0.4 m high.
Typical column grids are 6 × 6 m and 6 × 9 m.

11. Special Multistorey Floor Systems

Buildings designed for floor
loads up to 1.25 t/m² may
reach 12 storeys.
Storey heights are 3.3, 3.6
or 4.2 m; columns have a
section of 0.4 × 0.4 m.
T-shaped girders measure
approximately 0.4 × 0.45 m.
Slabs are 0.22 m deep and
0.6, 1.2 or 1.8 m wide;
stiffness diaphragms are
0.14 m thick.
Flat-slab buildings may
reach 12 storeys, with
storey heights of at least 3.6
m, column sections of at
least 0.5 × 0.5 m, and grids
of 9 × 9 m or 12 × 12 m.
Monolithic coffered floor
slabs are approximately 0.4
m deep.
Buildings with alternating
storeys may reach 8
storeys. Main storeys are 6
or 12 m high, while
intermediate service floors
are 3 m high.
Beamless trusses with
suspended floors may cover
spans of up to 18 m.
Floor panels are 1.5 m wide
for solid slabs and 0.75 m
wide for ribbed slabs; their
depth is 0.4 m.

12. Modular System and Building Layout

Unified steel and precast
reinforced-concrete
components are used for
single- and multispan
industrial buildings.
Height differences of 1.8
m or more are permitted
when the lowered part
occupies a significant
area.
The enlarged planning
module is 6 m in the
column-spacing direction.
Industrial buildings should
preferably have a
rectangular plan, no
changes in height and
spans arranged in one
direction.
The modular system is
based on:
• a planning module of 0.5 m;
• a vertical module of 0.6 m.
In the span direction, the
module is 6 m for singlestorey buildings and 1.5 m
for multistorey buildings.

13. Column Positioning and Crane-Track Alignment

External longitudinal columns may have a zero offset or may be
displaced outward by 250 or 500 mm.
End-row columns and columns at transverse expansion joints
are displaced 500 mm inward from the temperature-block
boundary.
A zero offset is used for buildings
without cranes and for buildings
with cranes of up to 30 tonnes,
when:
external column spacing is 6 m;
building height does not exceed
14.4 m.
A 250 mm offset is used when crane capacity is 50 tonnes,
external column spacing is 12 m, or building height is 16.2 or 18
m.
The distance from the longitudinal
column axis to the crane-wheel
axis is:
750 mm for cranes with a
capacity of up to 50 tonnes;
1,000 mm for cranes of greater
capacity.

14. Heavy-Duty Cranes and Crane Clearances

As crane capacity increases,
the larger distance between the
column face and the cranewheel axis provides space for
the column neck and the crane
end carriage.
The permitted clearance
between them is up to 60 mm.
Buildings with intensively
operated cranes require
access walkways for
inspection and repair of crane
runways.
In this case, a 500 mm column
offset is used.
The distance from the column
axis to the crane-wheel axis is:
The vertical crane clearance
includes:
• 1,000 mm for cranes with a capacity of
up to 50 tonnes;
• 1,500 mm for cranes of greater
capacity.
• crane height;
• a minimum allowance of 100 mm for
light-, medium- and heavy-duty cranes;
• a minimum allowance of 250 mm for
very-heavy-duty cranes.

15. Expansion Joints and Temperature Blocks

Crane operating modes are
classified according to the
regulations for the safe operation
of lifting cranes.
For heated buildings with unified
reinforced-concrete frames, the
maximum distance is:
• 174 m between transverse expansion
joints;
• 144 m between longitudinal expansion
joints.
Standard inserts between their
longitudinal axes are 0.5, 1.0 or
1.5 m.
Buildings are divided into
temperature blocks by expansion
joints to limit stresses caused by
temperature changes.
Block dimensions depend on the
frame material, thermal
conditions and climate, and are
determined by calculation.
A transverse expansion joint is
formed by two columns, each
displaced 0.5 m from the joint
axis into its temperature block.
Longitudinal joints in continuous
industrial developments use two
columns.
After accounting for column
offsets, the clear distance
between the columns must be at
least 0.5 m.
Changes in building height are
generally combined with
expansion joints.

16. Main parameters of industrial buildings

• Standard spans for buildings with overhead bridge cranes are
18, 24, 30 and 36 m.
• Standard spans for buildings with suspended cranes are 12,
18 and 24 m.
• The roof slope shown in the cross-section is 1.5%.
• Typical skylight widths are 6 and 12 m.
• Expansion-joint inserts shown in the drawing are 500, 1,000
and 1,500 mm.
• Overhead bridge-crane capacities range from 10 tonnes to
500/125 + 10 tonnes.
• Standard crane rails include types KR-50, KR-60, KR-70, KR-
80, KR-100, KR-120 and KR-140.
• Suspended electric single-girder cranes have capacities of
1.0, 3.2 and 5.0 tonnes and spans of 7.5 or 9 m, including
combined arrangements.