Subjunctive_Mood_Full_Explanations_EN_RU

1.

What is the Subjunctive Mood? / Что это такое?
ENGLISH EXPLANATION
ОБЪЯСНЕНИЕ
The subjunctive mood is a way of speaking about
something that is not simply a fact. We use it when we
recommend an action, demand something, express a
wish, or imagine a different reality. The form of the verb
helps the listener understand that we are not just
describing what happens.
Сослагательное наклонение помогает говорить не
только о фактах. Мы используем его, когда советуем,
требуем, желаем чего-то или представляем другую
реальность. Форма глагола показывает, что мы не
просто сообщаем, что происходит.
EXAMPLE
She is at home. = We state a fact.
I wish she were at home. = She is not here, but I want
her to be.
ПРИМЕР
She is at home — факт: она дома.
I wish she were at home — её здесь нет, но мне
хотелось бы, чтобы она была здесь.
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2.

3.

Two main uses / Две основные группы
ENGLISH EXPLANATION
ОБЪЯСНЕНИЕ
In this lesson we study two main patterns. Present
Subjunctive is common after words such as suggest,
insist, recommend, and important. It tells us what
someone wants or considers necessary. Past
Subjunctive is common with wish, if, imagine, and as if.
It describes situations that are imaginary or different
from reality.
В этой теме две основные группы. Present
Subjunctive используется после слов suggest, insist,
recommend, important — для советов и требований.
Past Subjunctive встречается с wish, if, imagine, as if
— для желаний и нереальных ситуаций.
EXAMPLES
I suggest that he study. (advice)
If I were rich, I would travel. (imaginary situation)
ПРИМЕРЫ
I suggest that he study — советую ему учиться.
If I were rich, I would travel — если бы я была богатой,
путешествовала бы.
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4.

Present Subjunctive: the idea / Главная идея
ENGLISH EXPLANATION
ОБЪЯСНЕНИЕ
Imagine a teacher says: “Every student is ready.” This is
a statement about the students now. But “The teacher
insists that every student be ready” is not a fact. It tells
us what the teacher requires. Because the second
sentence expresses a requirement, we use the base
form of the verb.
«Every student is ready» сообщает факт: все готовы. «I
insist that every student be ready» означает: я
настаиваю, чтобы все были готовы. Возможно,
сейчас не все готовы. Мы выражаем требование,
поэтому используем особую форму глагола.
COMPARE
Every student is ready. = fact
ВАЖНО
В Subjunctive после подлежащего ставим начальную
форму глагола без to.
I insist that every student be ready. = requirement
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5.

Why BE and not IS or TO BE? / Почему BE?
ENGLISH EXPLANATION
ОБЪЯСНЕНИЕ
In the clause “that he be ready,” the word he is already
the subject, and be is its verb. The subjunctive rule
requires the base form: be. “Is” would be the ordinary
present-simple form, and “to be” is an infinitive used in
a different grammatical pattern.
В части «that he be ready» слово he — подлежащее, а
be — сказуемое. После «It is important that» нужно
поставить глагол в начальной форме без to. «Is»
относится к обычному Present Simple, а «to be» —
инфинитив для другой конструкции.
COMPARE
СРАВНИ
He is ready. (ordinary fact)
He is ready — он готов.
It is important that he be ready. (subjunctive)
It is important that he be ready — важно, чтобы он был
готов.
It is important for him to be ready. (for + object +
infinitive)
It is important for him to be ready — ему важно быть
готовым.
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6.

Present Subjunctive: the rule / Формула
ENGLISH EXPLANATION
ОБЪЯСНЕНИЕ
A common pattern is: subject + suggest / insist /
demand / recommend + (that) + subject + base verb.
The main verb can be in the present or past. The verb
inside the that-clause stays in its base form: no -s, no
to, and no tense ending.
Формула: подлежащее + suggest / insist / demand /
recommend + (that) + подлежащее + V1. Главный
глагол может стоять в настоящем или прошедшем
времени. Но после that используем V1: без -s и без
to.
EXAMPLES
ПРИМЕРЫ
I suggest that she go home.
I suggest that she go home — советую, чтобы она
пошла домой.
The doctor recommended that he rest.
It is essential that everyone be informed.
The doctor recommended that he rest — врач
рекомендовал ему отдыхать.
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7.

Why SHE GO, not SHE GOES? / Почему без -S?
ENGLISH EXPLANATION
ОБЪЯСНЕНИЕ
Normally we say “she goes” because Present Simple
adds -s to he, she, and it. But the subjunctive is not an
ordinary present-simple statement. It uses exactly the
same base verb with every subject: I go, he go, she go,
they go — when these forms occur inside a subjunctive
clause.
В обычном Present Simple мы добавляем -s после
he/she/it: she goes. Но Present Subjunctive — не
обычное утверждение. После слов рекомендации и
требования глагол не меняется: that he go, that she
go, that they go.
COMPARE
She goes to school. (fact)
I recommend that she go to school. (recommendation)
ПРИМЕР
She goes to school — она ходит в школу.
I recommend that she go to school — я рекомендую,
чтобы она ходила в школу.
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8.

Negative form / Отрицание
ENGLISH EXPLANATION
ОБЪЯСНЕНИЕ
To make a present-subjunctive clause negative, place
not directly before the base verb. Do not use does not or
do not in this pattern. The negative word belongs to the
action that is being recommended or demanded.
Чтобы сделать отрицание, ставим not прямо перед
начальной формой глагола. В этой конструкции не
нужно does not / do not.
EXAMPLES
I suggest that he not drive tonight.
The doctor insisted that she not exercise.
It is important that we not be late.
ПРИМЕРЫ
I suggest that he not drive tonight — советую, чтобы он
сегодня не садился за руль.
It is important that we not be late — важно, чтобы мы
не опоздали.
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9.

When do we use TO BE? / Когда нужно TO BE?
ENGLISH EXPLANATION
ОБЪЯСНЕНИЕ
The meaning may be similar, but the grammar changes
with the structure. After “want + someone,” we often use
to + verb: I want him to be careful. After “insist that +
subject,” we use the subjunctive: I insist that he be
careful. After “for + someone,” the infinitive is also
possible: It is important for him to be careful.
Смысл похож, но форма зависит от конструкции.
После want + человек обычно ставим to be: I want
him to be careful. После insist that + подлежащее —
be: I insist that he be careful. После for him — to be: It
is important for him to be careful.
TIP
Look at the words before the verb, not only at the
translation.
ПОДСКАЗКА
Смотри не только на перевод, а на слова перед
глаголом.
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10.

Past Subjunctive: imaginary reality / Воображаемая ситуация
ENGLISH EXPLANATION
ОБЪЯСНЕНИЕ
Now we are not giving advice. We are imagining a
situation that is different from real life. We often use a
past-looking verb form, but the meaning can be about
the present. This is why “I wish I knew the answer”
means I do not know the answer now.
Теперь мы не советуем, а представляем ситуацию,
которой в реальности нет. Форма глагола похожа на
Past Simple, но смысл может относиться к
настоящему. «I wish I knew the answer» значит:
сейчас я не знаю ответ, но хотела бы знать.
COMPARE
ЗАПОМНИ
I know the answer. (real)
Прошедшая форма здесь не обязательно означает
прошедшее время.
I wish I knew the answer. (unreal wish)
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11.

Why IF I WERE? / Почему WERE?
ENGLISH EXPLANATION
ОБЪЯСНЕНИЕ
When we imagine an unreal condition, traditional
formal English uses were with all subjects: If I were, if he
were, if she were. The sentence “If I were you” is not
about the past. It means: Imagine I am in your position
now. In informal speech, you may hear was, but were is
the standard choice for this lesson.
Когда мы представляем нереальную ситуацию,
традиционно используем were с I, he, she и другими
подлежащими. «If I were you» не означает «когда я
была тобой». Это значит «если бы я сейчас была на
твоём месте».
EXAMPLE
If I were you, I would ask the teacher.
ПРИМЕР
If I were you, I would ask the teacher — на твоём месте
я бы спросила преподавателя.
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12.

Second Conditional / Второй тип условия
ENGLISH EXPLANATION
ОБЪЯСНЕНИЕ
Use Second Conditional to imagine what would happen
if the present situation were different. The if-part gives
the imaginary condition; the would-part gives its
imaginary result. The structure is: If + past form,
would/could/might + base verb.
Second Conditional показывает: что было бы, если бы
сейчас ситуация была другой. В части с if мы
называем воображаемое условие, а с would —
результат.
EXAMPLE
If I had more time, I would learn Spanish.
Reality: I do not have enough time now.
ФОРМУЛА
If + Past Simple, would/could/might + V1.
ПРИМЕР
If I had more time, I would learn Spanish — если бы у
меня было больше времени, я бы учила испанский.
На самом деле времени сейчас мало.
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13.

WISH and IF ONLY / Желания и сожаления
ENGLISH EXPLANATION
ОБЪЯСНЕНИЕ
Use wish + past form when you want the present
situation to be different. The past form does not mean
you are talking about yesterday. “If only” expresses the
same idea, usually with stronger emotion.
После wish используем прошедшую форму, когда
хотим изменить настоящее. «I wish I spoke English
fluently» — сейчас я не говорю свободно, но хотела
бы. «If only» означает «если бы только» и звучит
эмоциональнее.
EXAMPLES
I wish I spoke English fluently. = I do not speak it fluently
now.
If only I had a car! = I do not have a car.
ВАЖНО
Не переводим spoke как «говорила раньше»: здесь
это желание о настоящем.
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14.

AS IF / AS THOUGH / Как будто
ENGLISH EXPLANATION
ОБЪЯСНЕНИЕ
We use as if and as though to compare someone's
behaviour with an imagined situation. The person may
act in a certain way, but the comparison does not mean
it is true.
As if / as though переводятся «как будто». Мы
сравниваем поведение человека с воображаемой
ситуацией, но не утверждаем, что это правда.
EXAMPLE
He talks as if he were the boss.
Meaning: He behaves like a boss, but he is not
necessarily the boss.
She acts as though she knew everything.
ПРИМЕР
He talks as if he were the boss — он говорит так, будто
он начальник. Но это не значит, что он
действительно начальник.
She acts as though she knew everything — ведёт себя
так, будто всё знает.
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15.

Past regrets / Сожаления о прошлом
ENGLISH EXPLANATION
ОБЪЯСНЕНИЕ
To imagine a different past, use wish + had + past
participle, or Third Conditional. We cannot change the
past; we only imagine another result.
Если жалеем о том, что уже произошло, используем
wish + had + V3. Для нереального условия в прошлом
— Third Conditional. Мы не можем изменить
прошлое, а только представить другой результат.
EXAMPLES
I wish I had studied harder. = I did not study hard
enough.
If I had studied, I would have passed. = I did not study,
so I did not pass.
ПРИМЕР
If I had studied, I would have passed — если бы я
училась, то сдала бы. На самом деле я не училась и
не сдала.
FORMULA: If + had + V3, would have + V3.
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16.

Compare all three / Сравнение
ENGLISH EXPLANATION
ОБЪЯСНЕНИЕ
FACT: He is here. We describe reality.
He is here — факт: он здесь.
REQUIREMENT: It is important that he be here. We say
what is necessary, not what is true.
It is important that he be here — требование: важно,
чтобы он был здесь.
UNREAL WISH: I wish he were here. We want reality to
be different.
I wish he were here — желание: хотелось бы, чтобы он
был здесь сейчас.
UNREAL PAST: I wish he had been here yesterday. We
regret something about the past.
I wish he had been here yesterday — сожаление: жаль,
что вчера его здесь не было.
The meaning tells you which form to choose.
Выбираем форму по смыслу, а не только по слову
«бы».
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17.

Common mistakes / Частые ошибки
ENGLISH EXPLANATION
ОБЪЯСНЕНИЕ
WRONG: I suggest that he goes home.
Ошибка №1: he goes после suggest that. Правильно
he go: без -s.
RIGHT: I suggest that he go home.
WHY: after suggest that, use the base form.
WRONG: It is important that she to be ready.
RIGHT: It is important that she be ready.
Ошибка №2: she to be после important that.
Правильно she be: без to.
Ошибка №3: If I would be rich. Правильно If I were
rich: в стандартном Second Conditional в if-части
ставим прошедшую форму.
WHY: be is the verb of the that-clause; no to.
WRONG: If I would be rich, I would travel.
RIGHT: If I were rich, I would travel.
WHY: in a standard second conditional, the if-clause
uses the past form.
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18.

Guided practice / Практика с объяснением
ENGLISH TASK
ПОДСКАЗКИ
Choose the correct form and explain WHY.
1. Это рекомендация: после recommends that
используем V1.
1. The doctor recommends that she (rest / rests).
2. I want him (be / to be) careful.
3. If I (were / am) you, I would wait.
4. I wish I (know / knew) the answer.
5. It is essential that everyone (is / be) informed.
2. Здесь want + him: нужна конструкция с
инфинитивом.
3. Мы представляем себя на месте другого человека.
4. Говорящий не знает ответ сейчас, но хочет знать.
5. Это необходимость: после essential that
используем V1.
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19.

Answers with reasons / Ответы и причины
ENGLISH ANSWERS
ОБЪЯСНЕНИЕ ОТВЕТОВ
1. rest — after recommends that, use the base form.
1. rest — рекомендация, поэтому без -s.
2. to be — want + object + to-infinitive.
2. to be — после want him нужен инфинитив.
3. were — unreal condition: If I were you.
3. were — воображаемая ситуация «на твоём месте».
4. knew — wish + past form for a present wish.
4. knew — желание изменить настоящее.
5. be — essential that + base form.
5. be — необходимость, поэтому начальная форма.
CHECK: Can students say whether each sentence
expresses a fact, a recommendation, or an imaginary
situation?
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20.

Final recap / Итог
ENGLISH SUMMARY
КРАТКОЕ ПОВТОРЕНИЕ
Ask yourself three questions:
1. Факт? Обычная форма: he is, she goes.
1. Am I stating a fact? Use ordinary verb forms: he is,
she goes.
2. Совет или требование? Present Subjunctive: that he
be, that she go.
2. Am I recommending or demanding something? Use
present subjunctive: that he be, that she go.
3. Желание или воображаемая ситуация? Wish / if и
прошедшая форма: I wish he were here; If I had time, I
would help.
3. Am I imagining a different reality? Use wish / if + pastlooking forms: I wish he were here; If I had time, I would
help.
Главное: сначала пойми смысл, затем выбирай
форму.
Remember: grammar follows meaning.
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