Adjective and adverb

1.

Lecture 15-16
ADJECTIVE
and ADVERB

2.

b) the category
of comparison
of adverbs

3.

on the basis of their
function:
1) evaluative adverbs
2) specificative adverbs

4.

In evaluative function adverbs
distinguish the category of
comparison
five morphological forms:
one positive,
two comparative (direct and reverse)
two superlative (direct and reverse),
e.g.: bitterly – more bitterly, less bitterly –
most bitterly, least bitterly.

5.

Synthetic and
analitical forms are in
complimentary
distribution to each
other.

6.

The superlative degree form can
be used
• in the absolute sense = absolute
superiority
• in the elative sense = a high
degree of the property,
e.g.: The youngest kid cried most bitterly
of all. – The kid cried most bitterly.

7.

When used in the
specificative function,
adverbs are
unchangeable
e.g.: We meet today;
We came ashore.

8.

c) Semantic
subdivisions
of adverbs

9.

on the basis of their semantic
value:
- genuine, or notional
(nominal) adverbs of full
semantic value
- semi-functional (pronominal)
adverbs of partial semantic
value.

10.

on the basis of their general
semantics:
1)
the qualitative adverbs
- denote the inherent qualities of
actions and other qualities;
- derived
from
qualitative
adjectives,
e.g.: bitterly, hard, beautifully,
well, etc.

11.

They include
genuine qualitative
adverbs, e.g.: bitterly, hard,
beautifully, well, etc.
semi-functional words of
degree, quality evaluators:

12.

- adverbs of high degree
(intensifiers),
e.g.: very, greatly, absolutely,
pretty;
- adverbs of excessive degree,
e.g.: too, awfully, tremendously;
- adverbs of unexpected degree,
e.g.: surprisingly, astonishingly;
- adverbs of moderate degree,
e.g.: fairly, relatively, rather.

13.

2) the quantitative adverbs
show quantity measure;
derived from numerals,
e.g.: twice, three times, tenfold,
manifold, etc.
They belong to the group of
semi-functional adverbs.

14.

3) the circumstantial adverbs
denote mainly the
circumstances of time and
place
e.g.: today, here, when, far,
ashore, abroad, often, etc.

15.

Circumstantial adverbs can be
notional and functional.
1) Notional (genuine) circumstantial
adverbs denote
time and frequency
e.g.: tomorrow, never, recently, late;
space and direction orientation, e.g.:
homeward, ashore, outside, far.

16.

2) functional circumstantial
adverbs
pronominal adverbs of time,
place, manner, cause,
consequence,
e.g.: here, when, where, so, thus,
nevertheless, otherwise, etc.

17.

They substitute notional adverbs
or other words used in the function
of adverbial modifiers in a
sentence,
cf.: He stayed at school. – He stayed
there;

18.

adverbs
nominal
qualitative
pronominal
orientative
genuine degree
qualitative adverbs
adverbs
temporal
adverbs
local
adverbs