Writing scientific papers/research articles

1.

WRITING SCIENTIFIC PAPERS/research articles

2.

PLAN
1.FORMAT IMRaD/AIMRaD
2.STRUCTURE OF THE PAPER
3.40 STEPS FOR WRITING A
RESEARCH ARTICLE

3.

“publish or perish”
The “Publish or Perish” idea reflects
a prevalent culture in the academic world ...
and the origin for many jokes

4.

FORMAT
IMRaD/AIMRaD
Introduction,
Methods/Theoretical Basis,
Results, and Discussion - IMRaD).
Abstract, Introduction, Methods,
Results, and Discussion - AIMRaD

5.

6. Title

7.

Structure of the paper
Title
Authors (Author, coauthors)
Abstract/Summary/ Resume
key words
paper body
Introduction,
Methods/Theoretical Basis (design of
the experiment)
Results,
Discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References/ Literature cited

8.

TITLE
• 3-10 words
• ATTRACTIVE
• BRIEF
• LACONIC
• INFORMATIVE
• WITHOUT WASTE WORDS
• WITHOUT ABBREVIATIONS,
FORMULAS, SPIRITUAL WORDS

9.

Abstract/ Summary/ Resume
• Methods Results
• Research objective
• Main findings
V-according to the requirement of the
magazine
- X words or symbols

10. THE INTRODUCTION

• Describe a big problem that needs to be solved
• State your strategy to help solve the problem
• State a specific research question/hypothesis
whose answer/test will help
• to solve that problem
1-establishing a context,
2-reviewing the literature,
3- establishing a research gap,
4-stating the purpose

11.

METHODS
Describe the methods used to answer
that question:
• (1) What was studied,
• (2) How the data was
collected/observed,
• (3) How the data was analyzed to
determine relationships between the
independent and outcome variables.

12. RESULTS

Describe the factual findings:
• (1) The characteristics of the objects of
investigation,
• (2) Results = data determined by the
research question,
• (3) The relationships (e.g. correlations)
between the independent and outcome
variables that were determined.

13.

DISCUSSION
• Answer the research question
• Support that answer :
(1) by showing how the factual findings,
expressed in past tense, support it,
(2) by relating the findings to the work of
others,
(3) by presenting theoretical considerations
that support it.
• State the limitations of that answer

14.

CONCLUSIONS
• Explain the practical/theoretical consequences
of the answer
• Propose a next step to help solve the original
problem:
(1) a new research question to be answered,
(2) a refinement of then present study to reduce
limitations,
(3) a protocol that can be used to implement
findings.

15.

16.

17.

18.

WRITING A RESEARCH
ARTICLE
IN 40 STEPS:
•MAKE DRAFT
•REVISE
•POLISH

19.

MAKE DRAFT
STEP 1 Draft a working title
STEP 2 Introduce the topic and define terminology
STEP 3 Emphasize why the is topic important
STEP 4 Relate to current knowledge: what's already
been done
STEP 5 Indicate the gap: what needs to be done?
STEP 6 Pose research questions
STEP 7 State your overall purpose and objectives
STEP 8 List methodological steps
STEP 9 Explain the theory behind the methodology
used
STEP 10 Describe the experimental set-up

20.

STEP 11 Describe the technical details
STEP 12 Provide summary results
STEP 13 Compare different results
STEP 14 Focus on main discoveries
STEP 15 Answer research questions (and draw clear
conclusions)
STEP 16 Support and defend answers
STEP 17 Explain conflicting results, unexpected findings
and discrepancies with other research
STEP 18 State the limitations of the study
STEP 19 State the importance of your findings
STEP 20 Establish newness
STEP 21 Announce further research
STEP 22 ABSTRACT: what was done, what was found and
what are the main conclusions

21.

REVISE
STEP 23 Is the title clear and does it reflect the content and main
findings?
STEP 24 Are key terms clear and familiar?
STEP 25 Are the objectives clear and relevant to the audience?
STEP 26 Are all variables, techniques and materials listed, explained
and linked to existing knowledge - are the results reproducible?
STEP 27 Are all results and comparisons relevant to the stated
objectives?
STEP 28 Do some statements and findings repeat in the text, tables or
figures?
STEP 29 Do the main conclusions reflect the questions posed?
STEP 30 Will the main findings be acceptable to the scientific
community?
STEP 31 Is the text coherent, clear and focused on a specific
problem/topic?
STEP 32 Is the abstract readable standalone (does it reflects the main
story)?

22.

POLISH
STEP 33 Are tenses used appropriately (including the
active and passive voice)?
STEP 34 Are all equations mathematically correct and
explained in the text?
STEP 35 Are all abbreviations explained?
STEP 36 Reconsider using words such as "very", "better",
"may", "appears", "more", "convinced", "perfect", and
"impression" in the text.
STEP 37 Are all abbreviations, measurement units,
variables and techniques internationally recognized (IS)?
STEP 38 Are all figures/tables relevant and of good
quality?
STEP 39 Are all figures, tables and equations referred to in
the text?
STEP 40 Are all references relevant, up to date and
accessible?

23.

References
1/http://www.ranepa.ru/docs/Nauka_Konsalti
ng/Guide_-_final.pdf
2/http://edepot.wur.nl/178013
3/http://nauchniestati.ru/blog/strukturanauchnoi-stati/
4/http://www2.ing.unipi.it/scuola_dottorato_i
ngegneria/Corsi2010/Wallwork-Materiale_
didattico_2How_to_write_a_paper_in_English.
pdf
5/https://ru.bookmate.com/books/N4YSCLZx