Bilinguals and Bilingualism
Language socialization
Bilingualism
What do we need to describe the nature of an individual’s bilingualism?
Description of bilingual’s language by domains
Bilingual competence
Neurophysiologically
Code switching and code mixing
Code switching and social relations
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Bilinguals and Bilingualism

1. Bilinguals and Bilingualism

Lecture 3
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2. Language socialization

The study of bilingualism provides an excellent
laboratory for learning how a child can learn to
be a member of two (or more) distinct societies.
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3. Bilingualism

• A bilingual is a person who has some
functional ability in a second language.
2 confusions connected to the term:
1/ highly skilled multiple-domained balanced
bilingualism of an expert translator and
interpreter and a uneven recent immigrant skills
2/ the common use of the term bilingual to refer
to a socially-disfavoured minority group
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4. What do we need to describe the nature of an individual’s bilingualism?

• to identify each of the languages
• the way each language was acquired: mother
(or native) tongue learning, second (or
informal) language learning, and foreign (or
additional) language learning
• Skills: reading, writing, speaking,
understanding speech
• the external functions which can be
performed in each language
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5. Description of bilingual’s language by domains

Location
Role-relationships
Topics
Home
Mother, father, son,
Domestic, personal, etc
daughter, etc.
Neighborhood
School
Church Priest,
Neighbor, shop-keeper,
Weather, shopping,
street-cleaner
social greetings
Teacher, student,
Social greetings,
principal
educational
parishioner,
Sermons, prayers,
etc.
confession, social
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6. Bilingual competence

• compound bilinguals whose two languages
were assumed to be closely connected,
because one language had been learned after
(and so through) the other
• co-ordinate bilinguals who had learned each
language in separate contexts, and so kept
them distinct
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7. Neurophysiologically

bilingualism is the prime example of language
contact, for the two languages are in contact in
the bilingual. This contact can lead
to interference.
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8.

Co-ordinate
English concept 'table'
Navajo concept 'table'
English word 'table'
Navajo word bikdd adaani
Compound
Mixed concept 'table'
English word 'table'
Navajo word bikdd adaani
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9. Code switching and code mixing

• The switching of words is the beginning of
borrowing
• mixed code (Eg. Jamaican English or New
Zealand English)
• For a bilingual, shifting for convenience
(choosing the available word or phrase on the
basis of easy availability) is commonly related
to topic.
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10. Code switching and social relations

• Each of a bilingual's languages is likely to be
associated not just with topics and places, but
also with identities and roles associated with
them.
• Each language becomes a virtual guise for the
bilingual speaker, who can change identity as
easily as changing a hat, and can use language
choice as a way of negotiating social relations
with an interlocutor.
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