Morphemes

1. Topic: Morphemes

TOPIC: MORPHEMES
Student: Mukhamedieva Zarina
Group: 335

2.

A morpheme is the smallest unit
of language that has its own
meaning. All morphemes bear a
meaning.

3.

Unladylike
The word unladylike consists of three morphemes
and four syllables.Morpheme breaks:
-un- 'not‘
-lady '(well behaved) female adult human‘
-like 'having the characteristics of‘
None of these morphemes can be broken up any
more without losing all sense of
meaning. Lady cannot be broken up into "la" and
"dy," even though "la" and "dy" are separate
syllables. Note that each syllable has no meaning
on its own.

4.

Dogs
The
word dogs consists of two morphemes
and one syllable:
- dog,and
-s, a plural marker on nouns

5. Classification of morphemes

CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEMES
Morphemes
Grammatical
Lexical
Unbound
Bound
(free)
Prepositions
Articles
Conjunctions
(at, the, and)
Bound
Unbound
(free)
Inflectional
Derivational
Nouns
Verbs
Adjectives

6. Lexical and Grammatical Morphemes

LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL
MORPHEMES
Lexical morphemes are those that having meaning
by themselves (more accurately, they have
sense). Grammatical morphemes specify a
relationship between other morphemes. But the
distinction is not all that well defined.
Nouns, verbs, adjectives ({boy}, {buy}, {big}) are
typical lexical morphemes.
Prepositions, articles, conjunctions ({of}, {the},
{but}) are grammatical morphemes

7. Free and Bound Morphemes

FREE AND BOUND MORPHEMES
- Free morphemes are those that can stand alone
as words. They may be lexical morphemes
({serve}, {press}), or grammatical morphemes
({at}, {and}).
- Bound morphemes can occur only in
combination—they are parts of a word. They may
be lexical morphemes (such as {clude} as in
include, exclude, preclude/receive, reduce )
or they may be grammatical (such as {PLU} =
plural as in boys, girls, and cats).

8. Root morphemes

ROOT MORPHEMES
Not all morphemes are equally central to the formation of a
word. They are of two types: roots and affixes.
A root is the irreducible core of a word, with absolutely
nothing else attached to it. It is the part that must always
be present.
Every word has at least one root and they are at the centre of
word-derivational processes. They carry the basic meaning
from which the rest of the sense of the word can be derived.
Morphemes such as chair, green, ballet, father, cardigan,
America, Mississippi are roots, and they all happen to be
free forms, i.e. independent words.
On the other hand, there are roots like seg in segment, gen in
genetics, brev in brevity... which cannot stand alone as
words. They are called bound root morphemes, or bound
bases, as distinct from free root morphemes or free bases.
Most of bound roots found in English today are of classical
origin, some of them are of Germanic origin.

9. Affixes

AFFIXES
Bound morphemes (those that don’t have a sense by themselves and,
additionally, always occur in combinations) are commonly known as
affixes. T
An "affix" is bound morpheme that occurs before or after a base. An
affix that comes before a base is called a "prefix." Some examples of
prefixes are ante-, pre-, un-, and dis-, as in the following words:
antedate
prehistoric
unhealthy
disregard
An affix that comes after a base is called a "suffix." Some examples of
suffixes are -ly, -er, -ism, and -ness, as in the following words:
happily
gardener
capitalism
kindness

10. Inflectional and derivational affixes

INFLECTIONAL AND DERIVATIONAL
AFFIXES
Affixes can be further divided into inflectional affixes
and derivational affixes.
Affixes
Inflectional
indicate aspects of the
grammatical function of
a word, such as changing
a word into a plural or
possessive form
(-s, -ing, -ed, -en,-er,
-est, ‘s)
Derivational
They transform
words
into different
parts of speech.
(-ful, -ness, -less, ly, -y, -ish, -ment)

11. The distinction between inflectional and derivational affixes

THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN
INFLECTIONAL AND DERIVATIONAL
AFFIXES
Inflectional Affixes
- All are suffixes
-
-
-
Derivational affixes
May be either suffixes or
prefixes
Have a wide range of
application. E.g. most English - May have a wide or narrow
nouns can be made plural, with range
{PLU}
- Many were adopted from
All native to English (since Old Latin, Greek, or other
English was spoken around
languages. (Though others,
500-1000 AD)
especially the suffixes, are
native, including {ful}, {like},
{ly}, and {AG})

12. Inflectional Affixes

INFLECTIONAL AFFIXES
There are only eight "inflectional affixes" in
English, and these are all suffixes.
They serve a variety of grammatical functions
when added to specific types of words.
-s
-'s
-s
-ing
-ed
-en
-er
-est
noun plural
noun possessive
verb present tense third person singular
verb present participle/gerund
verb simple past tense
verb past perfect participle
adjective comparative
adjective superlative

13.

Derivational affixes
Derivational morphemes are morphemes that change the
meaning or word class of a word. Examples:
Negative: deactiviate, disconnect, inability, impossible, mis
understanding,unclassified
Size /degree: enlarge, underachieving, overestimated
Space /time: prerequisite, postgraduate, reuse
Change to adjective: manageable, faithful, anonymous
Change to noun: enjoyment, eagerness
Change to verb: privatise
Change to adverb: absolutely
E.g. -The addition of the prefix un- to healthy alters the meaning
of healthy. The resulting word means "not healthy.“
-The addition of the suffix -er to garden changes the meaning
of garden, which is a place where plants, flowers, etc., grow, to a
word that refers to 'a person who tends a garden.'

14.

Thank you for your
attention!!