Population
What Is Population
India’s share of worlds population
Population Distribution by Density
Population growth in India
Population Growth Rate in India
Population growth by country
What is Birth rate?
Birth Rate In India
What is Death Rate?
Child Mortality Rate
Age Composition In India
Age Composition
Sex Ratio
Sex ratio In India
What Is Literacy
Literacy Rate In India
Literacy Rate In India
Adolescent Population In India
National Population Policy
4.14M
Категория: ГеографияГеография

Population. By Nadagouda Aditya Chidambar

1. Population

By
Nadagouda Aditya Chidambar
Submitted to
PhD. Anna Zhukova

2. What Is Population


A p o p u l a t i o n is all t h e o rg a n i s m s t h a t b o t h
b e l o n g t o t h e s a m e g ro u p o r species a n d l i v e i n
t h e s a m e g e o g r a p h i c a l a re a . I n e c o l o g y t h e
p o p u l a t i o n o f a c e r t a i n species i n a c e r t a i n a r e a
is e s t i m a t e d u s i n g t h e L i n c o l n I n d e x . T h e a r e a
t h a t is u s e d t o d e f i n e a s e x u a l p o p u l a t i o n is
s u c h t h a t i n t e r - b re e d i n g is possible b e t w e e n a n y
p a i r w i t h i n t h e a r e a a n d m o r e p ro b a b l e t h a n
c ro s s - b re e d i n g w i t h i n d i v i d u a l s f r o m o t h e r
a re a s . N o r m a l l y b re e d i n g is s u b s t a n t i a l l y m o r e
c o m m o n w i t h i n t h e a r e a t h a n a c ro s s t h e b o rd e r.
I n sociology, p o p u l a t i o n re f e r s t o a c ol l e c t i on
of h u m a n be i ngs. D e m o g r a p h y is a social
s c i e n c e w h i c h e n t a i l s t h e s t a t i s t i c a l s t u d y of
h u m a n p o p u l a t i o n s . T h i s a r t i c l e re f e r s m a i n l y
to h u m a n population.

3. India’s share of worlds population

4. Population Distribution by Density

Population distribution in India shows wide variation.
U t t a r P r a d e s h is t h e m o s t p o p u l o u s s t a t e i n I n d i a w i t h a
p o p u l a t i o n o f m o r e t h a n 166 m i l l i o n , w h i c h is m o r e t h a n
t h e p o p u l a t i o n of India, t h e s i x t h m o s t populous c o u n t r y i n
t h e world. N i n e t e e n states of I n d i a h a v e a p o p u l a t i o n of
o v e r t e n million. On t h e o th er h a n d t h e re a re eight states
a n d union territories in the co u n t r y t h a t h a ve a
p o p u l a t i o n o f less t h a n o n e m i l l i o n . A l m o s t h a l f o f I n d i a ' s
p o p u la tio n lives i n f i v e states, n a m e l y, U t t a r Pradesh,
M a h a r a s h t r a , B i h a r, We s t B e n g a l , a n d A n d h r a P r a d e s h .

5. Population growth in India

•Indi a’s p o p u l a t i o n g r o w t h r a t e h a s d e c e l e r a t e d t o
17.64 p e r c e n t i n t h e d e c a d e 2001-11, t h e s l o w e s t r a t e
of g r o w t h t h i s p a s t c e n t u r y, a c c o rd i n g t o t h e f i r s t
re s u l t s o f C e n s u s 2011 p u t o u t b y t h e re g i s t r a r - g e n e r a l
of census.
•Indi a’s p o p u l a t i o n i n 2011 is e s t i m a t e d t o b e 1.21
billion, c o m p r i s i n g 6 2 4 m i l l i o n m a l e s a n d 587 m i l l i o n
females. W h i l e the gender imbalance i n population
re m a i n s , t h e p r e l i m i n a r y c e n s u s f i g u re s s h o w t h a t
Indi a’s f e m a l e p o p u l a t i o n g r e w b y 18.12 p e r c e n t o v e r
t h e p a s t d e c a d e a g a i n s t 17.19 p e r c e n t f o r m a l e s .
•Indi a’s l i t e r a c y r a t e h a s g o n e u p f r o m 64.83 p e r c e n t
i n 2001 t o 7 4 . 0 4 p e r c e n t i n 2011. L i t e r a t e s c o n s t i t u t e
74 p e r c e n t of t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n a g e d s e v e n a n d
a b o v e . T h e s e x - r a t i o , t h a t is n u m b e r of f e m a l e s p e r
1,000 m a l e s , h a s i m p r o v e d t o 9 4 0 f r o m 933 a d e c a d e
ago.

6. Population Growth Rate in India

7. Population growth by country

Rank
Country
Population
(thousand
s) 2010
Population
(thousand
s) 1990
Growth
(%)
19902010
World
6,895,889
5,306,425
30.0%
1
China
1,341,335
1,145,195
17.1%
2
India
1,224,614
873,785
40.2%
3
United States
310,384
253,339
22.5%
4
Indonesia
239,871
184,346
30.1%
5
Brazil
194,946
149,650
30.3%
6
Pakistan
173,593
111,845
55.3%
7
Nigeria
158,423
97,552
62.4%
8
Bangladesh
148,692
105,256
41.3%
9
Russia
142,958
148,244
-3.6%
10
Japan
126,536
122,251
3.5%

8. What is Birth rate?

C r u d e b i r t h r a t e is t h e n a t i v i t y o r c h i l d b i r t h s p e r
1,000 p e o p l e p e r y e a r (i n e s t i m a t i o n r e v i e w
poi nt s). A n o t h e r w o r d u s e d i n t e r c h a n g e a b l y w i t h
" b i r t h r a t e " is " n a t a l i t y " . W h e n t h e c r u d e d e a t h
r a t e is s u b t r a c t e d f r o m t h e c r u d e b i r t h r a t e , i t
re v e a l s t h e r a t e of n a t u r a l i n c re a s e ( R N I ) . T h i s
n u m b e r is e q u a l t o t h e r a t e of p o p u l a t i o n c h a n g e
( n o t f a c t o r i n g i n m i g r a t i o n ) . I t is i m p o r t a n t t o
distinguish between a total or crude birth rate,
w h i c h use s all b i r t h s , t y p i c a l l y i n d i c a t e d a s b i r t h s
p e r 1000, v e r s u s a n a g e - spe c i f i c r a t e w h i c h is
t y p i c a l l y i n d i c a t e d a s t h e n u m b e r of b i r t h s p e r
1 0 0 0 p e r s o n s i n t h i s a g e g ro u p . T h e f i r s t k n o w n
u s e of t h e t e r m " b i r t h r a t e " i n t h e E n g l i s h
l a n g u a g e w a s i n 1859. T h e b i r t h r a t e is t y p i c a l l y
t h e m a i n v a r i a b l e i n asse ssi ng t h e r a t e of
popul at i on g ro w t h .

9. Birth Rate In India

10. What is Death Rate?

M o r t a l i t y r a t e is a m e a s u r e o f t h e n u m b e r
of d e a t h s (i n g e n e r a l , o r d u e t o a s p e c i f i c c a u s e ) i n a
population, scaled to t h e size of t h a t population, p e r
u n i t t i m e . M o r t a l i t y r a t e is t y p i c a l l y e x p re s s e d i n
u n i t s of d e a t h s p e r 1000 i n d i v i d u a l s p e r year; thus, a
m o r t a l i t y r a t e of 9.5 i n a p o p u l a t i o n of 1 0 0 , 0 0 0
w o u l d m e a n 9 5 0 d e a t h s p e r y e a r i n t h a t e n t i re
p o p u l a t i o n , o r 0.95% o u t of t h e t o t a l . I t is d i s t i n c t
f r o m m o r b i d i t y r a t e , w h i c h re f e r s t o t h e n u m b e r of
individuals in poor health d u r i n g a giv e n t i m e
p e r i o d ( t h e p re v a l e n c e r a t e ) o r t h e n u m b e r of n e w l y
a p p e a r i n g cases of t h e di se ase p e r u n i t of t i m e
( i n c i d e n c e r a t e ). T h e t e r m " m o r t a l i t y " is also
s o m e t i m e s i n a p p r o p r i a t e l y u s e d t o re f e r t o t h e
n u m b e r of d e a t h s a m o n g a s e t of d i a g n o s e d h o s p i t a l
cases f o r a di se ase o r i n j u r y, r a t h e r t h a n f o r t h e
g e n e r a l p o p u l a t i o n o f a c o u n t r y o r e t h n i c g ro u p .
T h i s dise ase m o r t a l i t y s t a t i s t i c is m o r e p re c i s e l y
re f e r re d t o a s "case f a t a l i t y " .

11. Child Mortality Rate

12. Age Composition In India

13. Age Composition

•Children :- T h e y a r e e c o n o m i c a l l y
u n p ro d u c t i v e a n d n eed to be p ro v i d e d w i t h
food, c l o t h i n g , e d u c a t i o n a n d m e d i c a l c a re .
•Working Age :- T h e y a r e e c o n o m i c a l l y
p r o d u c t i v e a n d b i o l o g i ca ll y r e p r o d u c t i v e .
T h e y comprise the wo r k in g population.
•Aged :- T h e y a r e e c o n o m i c a l l y p r o d u c t i v e
t h o u g h t h e y a n d m a y h a v e re t i re d . T h e y m a y
be w o r k i n g v o l u n t a r i l y b u t t h e y a re n o t
available for e m p l o y m e n t th ro u g h
re c r u itm e n t.

14. Sex Ratio

S e x r a t i o is t h e r a t i o o f m a l e s t o f e m a l e s i n
a p o p u l a t i o n . T h e p r i m a r y s e x r a t i o is t h e r a t i o a t
t h e t i m e of c o n c e p t i o n , s e c o n d a r y s e x r a t i o is t h e
r a t i o a t t i m e o f b i r t h , a n d t e r t i a r y s e x r a t i o is t h e
r a t i o of m a t u r e o rg a n i s m s .
T h e h u m a n s e x r a t i o is o f p a r t i c u l a r i n t e re s t t o
a n t h ro p o l o g i s t s a n d d e m o g r a p h e r s . I n h u m a n s t h e
s e c o n d a r y s e x r a t i o is c o m m o n l y a s s u m e d t o b e
105 b o y s t o 100girls ( w h i c h s o m e t i m e s is s h o r t e n e d t o
"a r a t i o of 105"). I n h u m a n societies, h o w e v e r, s e x
ratios a t b i rt h m a y be considerably s k e w e d b y
factors such as t h e age of m o t h e r a t birth, a n d
b y sex-selective abort i on a n d infanticide. T he C I A
estimates t h a t the c u r re n t wo rl d w i d e sex ratio at
b i r t h is 107 b o y s t o 100 girls. I n 2010, t h e global s e x
r a t i o w a s 9 8 6 f e m a l e s p e r 1,000 m a l e s a n d t r e n d e d
t o re d u c e t o 9 8 4 i n 2011.

15. Sex ratio In India

16. What Is Literacy

Literacy has been described as the ability to re a d for
k n o w l e d g e a n d w r i t e c o h e re n t l y a n d t h i n k c r i t i c a l l y a b o u t
t h e w r i t t e n w o r d . L i t e r a c y c a n also i n c l u d e t h e a b i l i t y t o
u n d e r s t a n d all f o r m s o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n , b e i t b o d y
l a n g u a g e , p i c t u re s , v i d e o & s o u n d ( re a d i n g , s p e a k i n g ,
listening a n d viewing) . E v o l v i n g d efin itio n s of l i t e r a c y
o f t e n i n c l u d e all t h e s y m b o l s y s t e m s r e l e v a n t t o a
p a r t i c u l a r c o m m u n i t y. L i t e r a c y encompasses a c o m p l e x set
of abilities to u n d e r s t a n d a n d use t h e d o m i n a n t s y m b o l
s y s t e m s of a c u l t u re for personal a n d c o m m u n i t y
d e v e l o p m e n t . I n a t e c h n o l o g i c a l s o c i e t y, t h e c o n c e p t o f
l i t e r a c y is e x p a n d i n g t o i n c l u d e t h e m e d i a a n d e l e c t ro n i c
t e x t , i n a d d itio n to alphabetic a n d n u m b e r systems. These
a b i l i t i e s v a r y i n d i f f e r e n t social a n d c u l t u r a l c o n t e x t s
a c c o rd i n g t o n e e d a n d d e m a n d . W i t h i n a h i g h l y i d e a l i s t
m o d e r n c o n t e x t , i n d i v i d u a l s m u s t be g i v e n lifelong
opportunities to m o v e along a c o n t i n u u m t h a t includes the
re a d i n g , a n d w r i t i n g , c r i t i c a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d d ecisio n m a k i n g abilities t h e y n e e d i n t h e i r c o m m u n i t y. I n a n
historical co n text, literacy has a l w a y s been a difficult
p ro b l e m f o r w o r l d ' s peoples, a s m e a s u r e d t h r o u g h t h e
centuries.

17. Literacy Rate In India

L i t e r a c y i n I n d i a is k e y f o r s o c i o - e c o n o m i c
p ro g re s s , a n d t h e I n d i a n l i t e r a c y r a t e g r e w t o
75.06% i n 2011 f r o m 12% a t t h e e n d o f B r i t i s h
r u l e i n 1947. A l t h o u g h t h i s w a s a g r e a t e r
t h a n s i x f o l d i m p r o v e m e n t , t h e l e v e l is w e l l
below t h e w o r l d a v e r a g e literacy r a t e of
84%, a n d I n d i a c u r r e n t l y h a s t h e
l a rg e s t i l l i t e r a t e p o p u l a t i o n o f a n y n a t i o n o n
e a r t h . D esp ite g o v e r n m e n t p ro g r a m s , India's
l i t e r a c y r a t e i n c re a s e d o n l y "sluggishly," a n d
a 1990 s t u d y e s t i m a t e d t h a t i t w o u l d t a k e
until 2060 for India to achieve universal
l i t e r a c y a t t h e n - c u r r e n t r a t e o f p ro g re s s . T h e
2011 c e n s u s , h o w e v e r, i n d i c a t e d a 2001-2011
d e c a d a l l i t e r a c y g r o w t h o f 9.2%, w h i c h is t h e
slower t h a n t h e g ro w t h seen d u r i n g t h e
p re v i o u s decade.

18. Literacy Rate In India

19. Adolescent Population In India

•I n d i a h a s t h e l a rg e s t p o p u l a t i o n o f a d o l e s c e n t s
i n t h e w o r l d b e i n g h o m e t o 243 m i l l i o n
i n d i v i d u a l s a g e d 10-19 y e a r s , A s s a m g o v e r n o r
J B P a t n a i k said o n S a t u rd a y. Releasing t h e
U N I C E F ' s f l a g s h i p ` T h e S t a t e o f t h e Wo r l d ' s
C h i l d re n ' r e p o r t a t t h e R a j B h a v a n i n
G u w a h a t i , P a t n a i k said, t h e
•c o u n t r y ' s a d o l e s c e n t s c o n s t i t u t e d 2 0 p e r c e n t
o f t h e w o r l d ' s 1.2 b i l li o n a d o l e s c e n t s .
•S t a t i n g n i n e o u t o f t e n a m o n g t h e 1.2 b illio n
adolescents live i n t h e developing world, t h e
g o v e r n o r said, A s s a m w a s h o m e to a n
e s t i m a t e d 6.5 m i l l i o n a d o l e s c e n t s , c o m p r i s i n g
21.3 p e r c e n t o f t h e s t a te ' s p o p u l a t i o n .

20. National Population Policy

The N a t i o n a l Population Policy (NPP) hopes to
a d d re s s t h e u n m e t n e e d f o r c o n t r a c e p t i o n , a n d
p r o v i d e h e a l t h i n f r a s t r u c t u re , p e r s o n n e l a n d
i n t e g r a t e d service d e l i v e r y for basic re p ro d u c t i v e
a n d child health, bring the total fertility rate to
r e p l a c e m e n t l e v e l b y 2010, a n d a c h i e v e a s t a b l e
p o p u l a t i o n b y 2045. B e s i d e s m o r e g e n e r a l d i re c t i v e s
s u c h a s m a k i n g school e d u c a t i o n f re e a n d
c o m p u l so ry a n d p ro m o t i n g delayed m a r r i a g e for
girls, t h e p o l i c y a d v o c a t e s a n “ i n t e g r a t e d p a c k a g e
of e s s e n t i a l services”, w h i c h s e e m s t o c o n s i s t o f
p ro v i d i n g contraceptives, t re a t i n g some
re p ro d u c t i v e infections a n d i m p l e m e n t i n g some
c o m m u n i c a b l e disease p ro g r a m m e s . Shortfalls i n
t h e g o v e r n m e n t ’s s e r v i c e s a r e t o b e m a d e u p b y
i n v o l v i n g t h e v o l u n t a r y a n d p r i v a t e se c t ors.
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