Hygiene of children

1. hygiene of children

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Hygiene of children studies especial features of children,
inffluence on children factors of environment and elaborates
measures of health safety and improvement.
There are the following periodizations of growth and
development of children.
BIOLOGICAL PERIODIZATION OF GROWTH and
DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN
1.New-born period –1-10 days after birth
Baby – in- arms - 10 days – 1year after birth
Early childhood- 1 - 3 years age
First childhood- 4 - 7 years age
Second childhood
boys - 8 – 12 years age; girls - 8 – 11 years age
Adolescents boys - 13 – 16 years age; girls - 12 – 15 years age
Youthful period
boys - 17 – 21 years age; girls - 16 – 20 years age
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SOCIAL PERIODIZATION
Each group of children attends special children’s
educational institutions and for each group it is
necessary to carryout special educational work
and medical care.
1gr – baby–in–arms ( up to 1 year )
2gr – under pre-school (1-3 years)
3gr - pre-school (4-6 years)
4gr – younger school ( 7-10 years)
5gr – middle school ( 11-14 years)
6gr – oldest school ( 15-18 years)
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4. Тема первая

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Especial features of growth and
development of children
1.inequality of growth and development a whole body
of children in different periods of ages. A maximum
growth – at 1-7 ages and 12-16 ages.
2. inequality of growth and development organs and
systems in different periods of ages.
( Brain growths till birth to 7 ages. Vessels growth a
more quick than heart at all periods. 1-10 ages child
has hypermetropic eye and normal ocular refraction is
formed only to 11 ages.Younger school children
have functional and physiologic infantilism of central
nervous system and therefore stability of attention and
mental working capacity are lowered.
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5. Тема вторая

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Тема вторая
Method of investigation of growth and development of children:
1.
Somatoscopic signs:
a). Skin fat thickness- it is recoded at the level of the umbilical. Normal size- 1-2
sm
b). The shape of chest – trivial shape – cylindrical and conic ones;
pathological shape – barrel, funnel, chicken ones
c) Shape of spinal column- normal shape – there are cervicothoracic
deviation and thoracolumbar deviation
pathological shape- kyphotic, lordotic, scoliotic shapes.
Kyphotic shape – there is pathologic cervicothoracic deviation of spinal
column
Lordotic shape – there is pathologic thoracolumbar deviation of spinal column
Scoliotic shape - there is pathologic deviation of spinal column to the left or
to the right of the middle’s body.
d) Indexes of sexual development:
at boys - appearence of axillary and pubic hair; appearence of Adam’s apple
and change of the voice; appearence of beard (barba)
at girls - the breast changes; appearence of axillary and pubic hair;
appearence of menstruation
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Somatometric signs –are determined with the aid of
simple devices. For example: weight is measured with the
aid of medical spring balance; length of body - with height
meter; head and chest circumference – with centimetric tape
3.
Physiometric signs – are determined with the aid of
devices such as dynamometer, spirometer,
sphygmomanometer. These signs characterize functional
systems of organism ( for example resparatory, circulatory
systems )
Dynamometer measures muscular power, spirometer
measures pulmonarycapacity; sphygmomanometer measures
blood pressure
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Method of estimation of growth and development of
children
1. Method of sigmal deviation
This method is used for estimation height; weigh; circumference
of a chest, head and other indexes of physical development.
Defect of method - each index describe only one sign of
physical development out of another indexes. Tables of
sigmal deviation are utilized by this method. Ones contain of
average indexes of height; weigh; circumference of a chest,
head and other indexes and their - deflexions. Conclusion
is given in the following way:
a)
average index of height; weigh; circumference of a
chest, head and other indexes of physical development (
standard deviation is
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a) average physical development: standard deviation of
a height; weigh; circumference of a chest, head and other
indexes of physical development is from –1.0 to + 1.0 σR
b) below the average index ( standard deviation is from
–1.1 to - 2.0 σR )
c) low index ( standard deviation less than –2.1 σR)
d) higher than average index ( standard deviation is from
+ 1.1 to + 2.0 σR)
e) high index ( standard deviation more than +2.1 σR )
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2.
Method of regressive scales.
Harmony of physical development is determined by method of regressive scales.
1.
Physical development is harmony ( difference between height and weight σR
± 1.0 σR )
2. Physical development is disharmony ( difference between height and weight σR
from ± 1.1 to ± 2.0 )
Physical development is sharp disharmony ( difference between height and weight σR
more than + 2.1 or less than - 2.1 σR )
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3. Method of centiles
Percentiles are easier to understand than sigmal deviation and method of regressive
scales. Any indexes of physical development 100 children the same sex and age put in order of
increase from 1 to 100 and enter in a table. Ordinal number of child in this row is called centile.
Conclusion is given in the following way:
The child has normal, average indexes, conforming to the age if indexes of child in a
table dispose from 25 to 75 centiles
If indexes of child in a table dispose from 75 centiles and higher - higher than
average indexes
If indexes of child in a table dispose from 25 centiles and below - below the
average indexes
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14. Groups of health

1group. Healthy children. This group includes harmonious developed
children
2 group. Practically healthy children. This group includes
disharmonious and sharp disharmonious developed children; children
with low resistance from acute and chronic diseases ( acute respiratory
diseases 1 –3 times a year )
3 group. Children with chronic diseases at compensation stage
4 group. Children with chronic diseases at subcompensation stage
Children have low functional indices ( respiratory capacity,
dynamometry)
5 group. Children with chronic diseases at decompensation stage.
Children do not go to school.
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16. The class furniture Seat and desks are important for the health of schoolboys. The arrangement of the size of the furniture

depends upon their height. They must feel comfortable and sit in the correct position.
The desks should be with a slope for writing and reading. There should be space below the desk for the
knees.
The construction of the class furniture is very important and it should support the spine m the correct
position, and prevent the child from physical defects.
There are three types of relationship between the seats and desks
a) Zero position
b) Plus position ,
c) Minus position
The suitable is the minus-position
Picture 7. Correct position of the child
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17. Biological age - complex anatomical, physiologic and functional indices characterizing children of the same age. This complex

include:
1.height
2.. Increase of height at year
3. Quantity of first tooth
4. Quantity of second tooth
5. Indices of sexual development. These indices are named criteria Tanner.
Criteria Tanner.
For boys- degree of pilosis axillary space, pubic region, development of beard and Adam’s
apple
For girls- degree of pilosis axillary space, pubic region, development of mammary glands,
menses appearance.
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18. Examination tasks

General hygiene
1. In the town N. there is high level
of atmosphere pollution. What
parameters of the health of
population in this town can show
direct negative influence of
atmosphere pollution?
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19. General hygiene

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2. Give hygienic estimation of air
pollution in city L., if content of
substance F. makes 0,7 MPC
(maximal permissible
concentration), substance A. – 0,5
MPC. Combination action of
these substances on organism is
marked .
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20. Hygiene of nutrition

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3. Give hygienic estimation of a
feed of the man 20-years (daily
energy loss – 3800 kCal) receiving
for day 50g proteins, 50g fats and
200g carbohydrates. A feed will be
carried out 4 times per day. What
correction of a feed is necessary in
this case?
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21. Hygiene of nutrition

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4. Give hygienic estimation of a feed of
the old man (67 years) receiving for day
20g proteins, 150g fats and 500g of
carbohydrates. A feed will be carried out
3 times per day. In blood there is hypercholesterinamya. What correction of a
feeding it is necessary to do in this
case? What antysclerotic alimentary
factors must be included in his feeding
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22. Hygiene of nutrition

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5. Patient has weakness,
vomiting, diarrhoea, strong pains in
a stomach. Anamnesis: using
cakes bought in the market. Put
the diagnosis of a food poisoning,
what are the preventive measures
of this poisoning?
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23. Hygiene of nutrition

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6. Give hygienic estimation of
milk:
Densities at 20 oC - 1,010, fat
content - 1 %; the dry rest - 11 %,
acidity - 24 o Terner. What devices
are used for sanitary examination?
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24. Municipal hygiene

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7. At estimation of a microclimate
in a class is established:
temperature of air 23 0C; humidity
50 %, speed of movement of air
0,5 m/sec.
Give hygienic estimation of
microclimate, what devices were
used for measurement the
specified parameters?
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25. Municipal hygiene

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8. At estimation of a microclimate
on sea beach of sanatorium is
established: speed of movement of
air 1,5 m/s, relative humidity 85 %,
temperature 23 0C, effective
temperature 22 0 ET. Give the
recommendations for duration
reception of air baths having a rest.
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26. Municipal hygiene

9.Time of cooling of
katatermometer in the room
makes 100 sec, factor of
katatermometer is 600. Calculate
cooling ability of air at room and
give it estimation.
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27. Municipal hygiene

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10. What is the ventilation in the
living room? Parameters of
ventilation: content CO2 in air –
0,1%, volume of the room – 20 m
3, volume of natural ventilation – 30
m3/hour, in room lives 2 students.
What measures are necessary in
this room for the improvement of
the ventilation?
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28. Municipal hygiene

11. Natural illumination in
operating room: Light factor – 1/2,
Factor of natural illumination –
1,5%, common atrificial illumination
– 150 lux, local atrificial illumination
– 4000 lux. Give estimation of
illumination in operating room
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29. Municipal hygiene

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12. In school class area is 50 m2,
there are 2 windows, area of
1window= 2 m2, factor of natural
illumination is 2%, artificial general
illumination is 100 lux. Give
hygienic estimation of illumination,
what it is need for improvement
level of illumination?
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30. Municipal hygiene

12. In school class area is 50 m2,
there are 2 windows, area of
1window= 2 m2, factor of natural
illumination is 2%, artificial general
illumination is 100 lux. Give
hygienic estimation of illumination,
what it is need for improvement
level of illumination?
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31. Municipal hygiene

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13. Estimate sufficiency of water’
disinfection, if after chlorination
water has such parameters:
microbe number - 100, coli - index
- 10, coli - titre - 100, residual
chlorine - 0,8 mg/l. What methods
disinfection can be used in this
case?
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32. Municipal hygiene

14. Analysis of water :
smell - 1 ball
nitrates – 20mg/l
taste - 2 ball
iron - 0,1 mg/l
color - 30 degrees
microbe number - 150
turbidity - 0,5 mg/l
fluorine - 0.4 mg/l
dry rest – 1000 mg/l
coli - index - 30
Give hygienic estimation of water, what diseases are
possible in this case, what measures are necessary for
improvement quality the given water?
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33. Municipal hygiene

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15. Estimate hygienic
conditions in hospital ward.
Area =28m2, 4 cots; air
ventilation = 1,7; СО2 = 0,2
%; light factor 1/7; CNI = 1 %;
common artificial illumination
in ward 80 lux.
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34. Radiation hygiene

16. At work with radioactive
isotopes in laboratory the doze of
external irradiation has made 100
mBER/hour at 30-hour working
week. Whether are necessary in
laboratory measures of
antyradiation protection and what
is it?
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35. Radiation hygiene

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17.The doze of irradiation of
roentgenologist makes 100
mBER/week. Give conclusion
about dose of radiation.
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36. Hygiene of work

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What stages of serviceability is
marked at student, if index of
corrector test in the beginning of
lesson is 5,5 bit/sec., in middle of
lesson is 6,4 bit/sec., at the end of
lesson – 4,5 bit/sec. What others
methods of investigation of
serviceability can be used in this
case?
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37. Hygiene of work

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19. Estimate working conditions at
factory. Dust = 20 mg/m3, СО2 1 %, level of high-frequency noise
55 dB. What occupational diseases
are possible, what preventive
measures are necessary for
improvement of working
conditions?
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38. Hygiene of work

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20. Lead dust in air of
manufacture exceeds MPC in 10
times. What kind of professional
poisoning can be at workers?
What methods of laboratory
researches should be used in this
case?
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39. Hygiene of work

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21. Air of cement factory
contains 5 mg/m3 dust.
Composition of dust: 50% Si O2 .
Make conclusion. What
professional disease can be at
this case.
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40. Hygiene of children

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22. In a game room of a children's
garden by the area 40 m2
temperature of air 21 0C, relative
humidity 60 %, speed of movement
of air 0,3 m/s, common artificial
illumination 80 lux. Give a hygienic
estimation.
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41. Hygiene of children

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23. Estimate physical development
of the boy 14 years, having growth
149 sm, weight of a body 51,1kg.
Standards for 14 years boy ( M
±δ ): growth 154,0 ± 5,5 sm,
weight 50,1 ± 3,2 kg.
What other methods it is possible
to use for estimation physical
development of this boy?
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42. Hygiene of children

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24. For estimation of physical
development of 10 years old boy it
was established: growth – 10
centyl, masse of the body – 85
centyl. What is the physical
development of the boy? What
another methods of estimation
physical development of the
children do you know?
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43. Hygiene of children

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25. For construction kindergarten
the ground area 100 х 400 m is
allocated. Building of kindergarten
contains 2 day nursery groups
and 2 preschool groups. Estimate
sufficiency of a ground area, what
functional zones it should include?
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Table 13. The size of the furniture
Size
A
B
C
D
E
Height of child
up to 130cm
131-145 cm
146-160 cm
161-175 cm
176-190 cm
The black-board should be green or brown. The distance between the black-board and the desks should not be less than
2m The
height of the black-board from the floor should be 85-95 cm, and must be visible with proper light.
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47. PLANING Of SCHOOLS AND KINDER-GARDENS   The school, and kinder-gardens buildings should be in a healthy area and as possible

ING Of SCHOOLS AND KINDER-GARDENS
nder-gardens buildings should be in a healthy area and as
actory, and the main street. The child should not become a
ases due to bad environmental condition of the building.
SCHOOLS
a for the school must be about 20-50m2 for each child.
There are 5 zones on a school’s area:
f School building must be about 15% of the space
een zone must be about 40-50% of the space
The children spent their free time at play on this zone
4. Economic zone.
5. Zone of sports grounds.
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School building
In the building should be not more than 4 floors.
Types of building:
1. Compound planning (central building) The whole classes are
situated in one building.
Advantages: cheap construction
Disadvantages The cross infection, noise
2. Pavilion planning 2 - 4 classes are situated in separate small
buildings
Advantages: Decrease of cross infection and noise
Disadvantages expensive construction
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3 Centralize-bloc planning This is the most efficient type of

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b) The group cell it must be with good natural and artificial lighting In
the group cell for junior age there must be reception hall (15m2), dinning
room (50m2), bedroom (50m2), toilet (12m2)
c) In the group cell for pre-school age there must be, cloakroom (16m2),
play room (50-62,2m2), bedroom (50m2), and toilet (12m2).
In the ground floor there are medical cabinet, music-class, and the
kitchen.
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Pre-school examination:
This is carried out before the child is due to attend school.
The mother is invited to bring the child to the health centre. A careful medical
history is taken from the parents, including full detail of any illness, medical or surgical
problems, especially chronic diseases, as infective hepatitis, pylonephritis, tuberculosis,
rheumatic fever (in active stage), anaemia, chronic tonsillitis, congenital hard disease,
and bronchial asthma, and then medical examination is carried out, to define the health
group of the child:
1 - Healthy child, who ill less than 3 times yearly.
2 - Healthy child, who ill more than 3 times every year.
3 - Child with chronic disease in compensation stage.
4 - Child with chronic disease in subcompensation stage.
5- Child with chronic disease in dicompensation stage.
After that doctor should estimate the growth and development of child, provide
medical examination. Then the child should pass special testing, to estimate his
readiness to the school.
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Types of testes (Kerna-Iraseka method):
1 Ask the child to write
(HE EAT SOUP)
2. Ask the child to draw points:
. . . . . . .
. . . . .
. . .
.
3. Ask the child to draw a man or women.
After that you have to estimate the results; for every mistake he get one mark. The
amount of the marks show the readiness of child to the school.
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Picture.Group cell of Kinder-garden
Picture.Group cPicture.Group cell of Kinder-garden
HARDENING
OF CHILDREN
ell of
Kinder-garden
Hardening: improvement and promotion of the defense reaction and immunity
of the body against the influence of external factors as high and low
temperature.
Principles of hardening
1. Systematically - (continuously).
2. Gradually - periodically increasing the power of irritant factor.
3. Individually - the power and the character of the methods depend upon the
child.
4. More than one exercise in the same time.
5. There must be positive reaction and emotion of the child.
6. The baby must supervised by the family doctor.
Training: Improvement the capability of the body to do any
exercise as much as possible with little outlay.
The influence of Hardening:
a)
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1.local:
as Pouring of the water
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Types and methods of hardening
1 . with water
a) Pouring of the water in starting water temperature is 2° lower than the temperature of the body (33-34°) every 2 days you have to reduce The water temperature
by 1-2°, the finial temperature of the water is 15-16°.
b) Swimming. You have to start when the temperature of the water is about 22°.
Starting time - 5 minutes, finial time 20 minutes.
2. Sunlight. The starting time 5 min. You have to increase the time about 5 min
Each day, finial time - 30-45 min. Time of tempen-ing - 10 p.m. or 16 a.m.
3. Air bath. ( exposure of the body), starting temperature of the air in the room
should be 18-19°, finial temperature 14-15°, in starting time 2-3 minute and you have to
increase the time every day from 1-2 min. Finial time in winter 15 min, in summer 30
minute's
4. Massage and gymnastics. The temperature of the room 18-20°. Doctors
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must
check the health of the baby before hardening.
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The end
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