Big Tech (Google, Amazon, Apple, Meta, Microsoft)

1.

BIG TECH
Google, Amazon, Apple, Meta, Microsoft

2.

“No provider or user of an interactive computer
service shall be treated as the publisher or
speaker of any information provided by another
information content provider.”
—Section 230

3.

Geschichte der Entwicklung des
Informationsmonopols
01
02
Section 230 und Schaffung von
Entwicklungsbedingungen
Markteroberung in den USA
03
04
Eintritt in den globalen Markt
und Entwicklung zu einem
multinationalen Unternehmen.
Globales Oligopol

4.

7 von 7 der 7 technologisch fortschrittlichsten
Unternehmen der Menschheit sind IT-Riesen.

5.

(Daten aktuell vom 17.09.2023)

6.

Google verarbeitet die Daten von
rund vier Milliarden Menschen

7.

Die beliebteste Shopping-Website in
Europa ist Amazon. Mehr als eine
Milliarde Menschen besuchen sie
jeden Monat. Das ist mehr als bei allen
anderen Unternehmen zusammen

8.

Apple hat den Rekord der USMarktkapitalisierung dreimal
gebrochen. 1 Billion Dollar im Jahr
2017, 2 Billionen Dollar im Jahr 2020
und 3 Billionen Dollar im Jahr 2022

9.

Die Plätze 1, 3 und 4 der fünf
wichtigsten sozialen Netzwerke
werden von Meta-Produkten belegt.
Die Gesamtzahl der Facebook-Nutzer
beträgt 3 Millionen Menschen

10.

69 % der Desktops und
Laptops verwenden
Windows

11.

Kartellrechtliche
Initiativen
Von den 2000er Jahren bis 2023 gab
es 6 größere Kartellverfahren gegen
Unternehmen der “Big Five”. Und im
Jahr 2022 führt die EU ein "Gesetz
über digitale Märkte

12.

Quellen
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Tech (
"The Economics of Big Tech". Financial Times. March 29, 2018. Retrieved June 6, 2019. "We're Stuck With the Tech Giants. But They're Stuck With Each Other". New York Times. November 13, 2019. Retrieved April 22, 2020. "The 'Big Five' Could Destroy the Tech Ecosystem". Bloomberg.com. November 15, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2020. "Tesla Just Officially Became Big Tech After Surging Beyond $1 Trillion in Market Value". interestingengineering.com. October 25, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2022. Bergan, Brad. "Tesla Has Officially Become Big Tech After Surging Beyond $1 Trillion in Market Value". www.autobodynews.com. Retrieved April
22, 2022. Levy, Ari (December 31, 2020). "Tech's top seven companies added $3.4 trillion in value in 2020". CNBC. Retrieved April 22, 2022. Oremus, Will (November 17, 2017). "Big Tobacco. Big Pharma. Big Tech?". Slate. Retrieved November 22, 2021. Herrmann, Edward; McChesney, Robert W. (2001), Global Media: The New Missionaries of Global Capitalism, A&C Black, pp. 52–53 Researcher, C. Q. (September 14, 2021). Issues for Debate in American Public Policy: Selections from CQ Researcher. CQ Press. ISBN 9781071835258. "Fortune 500". Fortune. Retrieved November 17, 2022. "Most Valuable Companies in the World - 2020". FXSSI - Forex Sentiment Board. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2020. Balu, Nivedita (January 3, 2022). "Apple becomes first company to hit $3 trillion market value, then slips". Reuters.
Retrieved January 3, 2022. Singh, Hardika (March 22, 2023). "Apple, Microsoft Dominate U.S. Markets After FAANG Trade Fizzles". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved March 22, 2023. Vega, Nicolas (December 27, 2021). "Microsoft's market cap grew more than $800 billion in 2021—here's how it compares to the most valuable companies in the world". CNBC. Retrieved November 12, 2022. Capoot, Ashley (November 1, 2022). "Amazon sell-off pushes market cap below $1 trillion for first time since April 2020". CNBC. Retrieved November 11, 2022. Macheel, Tanaya (May 25, 2023). "Nvidia nears elite trillion-dollar market cap club of Apple, Microsoft, Alphabet and Amazon". CNBC. Retrieved May 30, 2023. "Top Companies 2021: The 50 best workplaces to grow your career in the U.S." www.linkedin.com. Retrieved October 5, 2021. Bariso, Justin (May
30, 2021). "Life at Google vs. Life at Amazon: From Hiring to Firing (and Everything in Between)". Inc.com. Retrieved October 5, 2021. Jackson, Abby. "14 things that are harder to get into than Harvard". Business Insider. Retrieved April 3, 2022. Mirrlees, Tanner (January 20, 2021). "Getting at GAFAM's "Power" in Society: A Structural-Relational Framework". Heliotrope. Retrieved November 11, 2022. Zuboff, Shoshana (2019). The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. Profile Books. ISBN 978-1781256855. Beard, Alison (January 2022). "Can Big Tech Be Disrupted?". Harvard Business Review. Retrieved February 26, 2023. Hendrickson, Clara; Galston, William A. (May 28, 2019). "Big tech threats: Making sense of the backlash against online platforms". Brookings Institution. Retrieved November 19, 2021. Rey,
Jason Del (February 6, 2020). "Why Congress's antitrust investigation should make Big Tech nervous". Vox. Retrieved February 21, 2020. PYMNTS (December 11, 2019). "DOJ To Wrap Up Probe Into Big Tech In 2020". PYMNTS.com. Retrieved February 21, 2020. GmbH, finanzen net. "The DOJ's latest probe erased $33 billion from Amazon, Apple, Facebook, and Google | Markets Insider". markets.businessinsider.com. Retrieved February 21, 2020. "Is Margrethe Vestager championing consumers or her political career?". The Economist. September 14, 2017. Retrieved June 26, 2020. Boskin, Michael (April 29, 2019), "Privacy, power and censorship: how to regulate big tech", The Guardian "It's almost impossible to function without the big five tech giants | John Naughton". the Guardian. February 17, 2019. Retrieved April 23, 2021. Swisher, Kara (July 1, 2020).
"Opinion | Here Come the 4 Horsemen of the Techopolypse". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 28, 2020. Galloway, Scott (2017). The Four: The Hidden DNA of Amazon, Apple, Facebook, and Google. Random House Large Print. ISBN 978-0525501220. Schonfeld, Erick (May 31, 2011). "Eric Schmidt's Gang Of Four: Google, Apple, Amazon, And Facebook – TechCrunch". techcrunch.com. Archived from the original on May 30, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2019. "GAFA Approach to Digital Banking Transformation - Accenture". www.accenture.com. Simon, Phil (October 22, 2011). The Age of the Platform: How Amazon, Apple, Facebook, and Google Have Redefined Business (1 ed.). Motion Publishing. p. 312. ISBN 9780982930250. Galloway, Scott (2017). The Four: The Hidden DNA of Amazon, Apple, Facebook, and Google. Random House. ISBN
9781473542105. "Eric Schmidt's "Gang Of Four" Doesn't Have Room for Microsoft". AllThingsD. Waters, Richard (July 27, 2018). "Move over Faangs, make way for Maga". Financial Times. Retrieved November 18, 2018. Stevens, Pippa (April 26, 2019). "Four 'MAGA' stocks are worth a combined $4 trillion. Here's the one to own, say two experts". CNBC. Archived from the original on January 1, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2020. "Move over FAANG, here comes MAGA - The tech giants are still in rude health". The Economist. August 4, 2018. Retrieved January 27, 2020. 김제림 (Kim Je-rim) (May 29, 2019). "'FAANG' 지고 'MAGA' 시대 온다 ("FAANG" is losing and "MAGA" is coming)". 매일경제 (in Korean). Retrieved January 27, 2020. Khan, Kim (December 22, 2021). "Defining 'tech stocks': GAMMA stocks dominate". Seeking Alpha. "Facebook changes its name to
Meta in major rebrand". BBC News. October 28, 2021. "What are the Four Big Tech Companies in the US?". WorldAtlas. October 24, 2019. Retrieved January 27, 2020. Stankiewicz, Kevin (October 29, 2021). "'Bye-bye FAANG, hello MAMAA'—Cramer reveals a new acronym after Facebook's name change". CNBC. Retrieved October 30, 2021. Brodie, Lee (February 5, 2013). "Cramer: Does Your Portfolio Have FANGs?". CNBC. Retrieved November 9, 2021. Grant, Kinsey (September 26, 2017). "FANG Stocks Are Getting Their Own Index". The Street. Frankel, Matthew (September 29, 2017). "What Are the FANG Stocks?". Motley Fool. Retrieved August 11, 2018. Gurdus, Lizzy (May 1, 2017). "Cramer: Disney, Apple and the fate of FANG". CNBC. Retrieved November 9, 2021. Mann, Bill (November 5, 2021). "FAANG is Dead. Long Live MANAMANA". The Motley Fool. Retrieved
April 22, 2022. Jason Paul Whittaker (February 11, 2019), "Introduction", Tech Giants, Artificial Intelligence, and the Future of Journalism (Open Access), Routledge "The 'Big Five' Could Destroy the Tech Ecosystem", Bloomberg.com, November 15, 2017 Yglesias, Matthew (May 3, 2019), The push to break up Big Tech, explained Fischer, Sara (September 29, 2020). "Media's failed attempt to take on the Facebook-Google "duopoly"". Axios. Retrieved March 12, 2022. Novet, Jordan (September 26, 2021). "Google is slashing the amount it keeps from sales on its cloud marketplace as pressure mounts on app stores". CNBC. Retrieved October 24, 2021. O'Kane, Sean (August 24, 2021). "Waymo starts offering autonomous rides in San Francisco". The Verge. Retrieved March 13, 2022. Gibney, Elizabeth (October 23, 2019). "Hello quantum world! Google publishes
landmark quantum supremacy claim". Nature. 574 (7779): 461–462. Bibcode:2019Natur.574..461G. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-03213-z. PMID 31645740. S2CID 204836839. Elias, Jennifer (January 16, 2020). "Alphabet, Google's parent company, hits trillion-dollar market cap for first time". CNBC. Retrieved March 15, 2023. Ramkumar, Amrith (January 16, 2020). "Alphabet Becomes Fourth U.S. Company to Reach $1 Trillion Market Value". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved March 15, 2023. "In the 15 years since its launch, Amazon Web Services transformed how companies do business". The Seattle Times. March 13, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2021. Novet, Jordan (September 5, 2021). "How Amazon's cloud business generates billions in profit". CNBC. Retrieved October 24, 2021. Metz, Cade. "The Cult of Amazon: How a Bookseller Invented the
Future of Computing". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved October 24, 2021. Salinas, Sara (September 4, 2018). "Amazon reaches $1 trillion market cap for the first time". CNBC. Retrieved March 15, 2023. Palmer, Annie (January 31, 2020). "Amazon joins the trillion-dollar club again after knockout earnings report". CNBC. Retrieved March 15, 2023. Feiner, Lauren (April 14, 2020). "Amazon stock hits a new all-time high as it sees unprecedented demand". CNBC. Retrieved March 15, 2023. Palmer, Annie (December 29, 2022). "Amazon lost half its value this year as tech stocks got crushed and recession fears grew". CNBC. Retrieved December 29, 2022. "How 5 Tech Giants Have Become More Like Governments Than Companies", NPR.org, October 26, 2017 Salinas, Sara (August 2, 2018). "Apple hangs onto its historic $1 trillion market cap". CNBC. Retrieved March
15, 2023. "Here's the memo Apple CEO Tim Cook sent to employees after hitting $1 trillion". CNBC. August 3, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2023. Bursztynsky, Jessica (August 19, 2020). "Apple becomes first U.S. company to reach a $2 trillion market cap". CNBC. Retrieved March 15, 2023. Leswing, Kif (January 3, 2022). "Apple becomes first U.S. company to reach $3 trillion market cap". CNBC. Retrieved January 3, 2023. Leswing, Kif (January 3, 2023). "Apple's market cap falls under $2 trillion as selloff continues". CNBC. Retrieved January 3, 2023. Field, Hayden (June 30, 2023). "Apple's market cap closes above $3 trillion for the first time". CNBC. Retrieved July 1, 2023. Dwoskin, Elizabeth (October 28, 2021). "Facebook is changing its name to Meta as it focuses on the virtual world". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 28, 2021. "Facebook's $2 Billion
Acquisition Of Oculus Closes, Now Official". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 24, 2021. Rodriguez, Salvador (June 28, 2021). "Facebook closes above $1 trillion market cap for the first time". CNBC. Retrieved November 11, 2022. Rodriguez, Salvador (October 25, 2021). "Facebook shares rise as investors focus on earnings beat and look past whistleblower document dump". CNBC. Retrieved November 12, 2022. Feiner, Lauren (February 2, 2022). "Facebook shares plunge more than 20% on weak earnings, big forecast miss". CNBC. Retrieved November 11, 2022. Feiner, Lauren (February 3, 2022). "Facebook stock plummets 26% in its biggest one-day drop". CNBC. Retrieved November 11, 2022. Sherman, Alex (February 3, 2022). "Facebook's $232 billion fall sets record for largest one-day value drop in stock market history". CNBC. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
Feiner, Lauren (February 8, 2022). "Facebook market cap falls below $600 billion – which could actually help it dodge new antitrust scrutiny". CNBC. Retrieved November 12, 2022. Vanian, Jonathan (October 26, 2022). "Meta shares plummet on weak fourth-quarter forecast and earnings miss". CNBC. Retrieved November 11, 2022. Levy, Ari (October 27, 2022). "Facebook used to be a Tech Giant – now Meta isn't even in the top 20 most valuable U.S. companies". CNBC. Retrieved November 11, 2022. "Desktop Operating System Market Share Worldwide, Jan 2020". StatCounter GlobalStats. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2020. Vargas, Cristina (October 25, 2019). "Cloud Market Share 2019: AWS vs Azure vs Google – Who's Winning?". Skyhigh Networks (McAfee). Retrieved January 27, 2020. "Microsoft 365 Now Boasts
Over 50 Million Subscribers". MUO. April 29, 2021. Retrieved December 21, 2021. "Microsoft Teams Now Has Roughly 250 Million Monthly Active Users Globally". News18. July 28, 2021. Retrieved December 21, 2021. Levy, Ari (April 25, 2019). "Microsoft hits $1 trillion market cap for the first time as stock jumps on earnings beat". CNBC. Retrieved March 15, 2023. Duffy, Clare (June 22, 2021). "Microsoft reaches a $2 trillion market cap". CNN Business. CNN. Retrieved January 3, 2023. Novet, Jordan (June 24, 2021). "Microsoft closes above $2 trillion market cap for the first time". CNBC. Retrieved January 3, 2023. Subin, Samantha (October 29, 2021). "Microsoft passes Apple to become the world's most valuable company". CNBC. Retrieved March 15, 2023. Hum, Robert (October 27, 2022). "The biggest tech stocks have lost $3 trillion in market cap over the
last year". CNBC. Retrieved March 15, 2023. Eswaran, Soumya (December 27, 2022). "Will Microsoft Corporation (MSFT) Bounce Back?". Yahoo! News. Yahoo! Inc. Retrieved January 3, 2023. "Fortune 500". Fortune. Retrieved November 17, 2022. Alexandra S. Levine (February 26, 2021). "Is Twitter angling to become Big Tech?". Politico. Retrieved August 8, 2021. "From Facebook to Twitter, Big Tech sees social commerce driving sales growth". Reuters. July 29, 2021. Retrieved August 8, 2021. Fischer, Sara. "Trump sues Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg, Twitter's Jack Dorsey, Google's Sundar Pichai". Axios. Retrieved August 8, 2021. "Big Tech Is Gearing Up for a Massive Fight With Modi's India". Bloomberg. June 30, 2021. Archived from the original on July 15, 2021. Retrieved August 8, 2021. "Big Tech salaries revealed: How much engineers, developers, and product
managers make at companies including Apple, Amazon, Facebook, Google, Microsoft, Intel, Uber, IBM, and Salesforce". Business Insider. Retrieved September 11, 2022. Goswami, Rohan (May 30, 2023). "Nvidia crosses into $1 trillion market cap before giving back gains". CNBC. Retrieved May 30, 2023. Wilmot, Stephen (January 27, 2022). "Tesla Is a Proven Automaker, an Unproven Tech Giant". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved April 22, 2022. DeBord, Matthew. "Everyone who thinks Tesla is a tech company is completely wrong — Tesla should aspire to be Honda". Business Insider. Retrieved April 22, 2022. Root, Al. "Why Tesla Isn't a Very Good Tech Company". www.barrons.com. Retrieved April 22, 2022. "Big Tech stocks weathered the Q1 selloff. Others weren't so lucky". Fortune. Retrieved April 22, 2022. "Tesla is like an 'iPhone on wheels.' And
consumers are locked into its ecosystem". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved April 22, 2022. Subin, Samantha (October 25, 2021). "Tesla hits $1 trillion market cap for the first time after Hertz says it will buy 100,000 electric vehicles". CNBC. Retrieved December 29, 2022. Lahiff, Keris (October 25, 2021). "As Tesla joins the elite $1 trillion stock club, two traders see another potential milestone ahead". CNBC. Retrieved December 29, 2022. Bobrowsky, Meghan (December 30, 2022). "Tesla Stock Fell 65% in 2022, Its Biggest-Ever Annual Decline". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved December 30, 2022. Kolodny, Lora (December 14, 2022). "Elon Musk sells another huge chunk of Tesla shares". CNBC. Retrieved December 29, 2022. Goswami, Rohan (December 27, 2022). "Tesla's stock is headed for its worst month, quarter and year on record".
CNBC. Retrieved December 29, 2022. Kolodny, Lora (December 28, 2022). "Elon Musk tells Tesla employees don't be 'bothered by stock market craziness'". CNBC. Retrieved December 29, 2022. Smyrnaios, Nikos (2016). "L'effet GAFAM : stratégies et logiques de l'oligopole de l'internet" [The GAFAM effect: Strategies and logics of the internet oligopoly]. Communication et Langages (in French). NecPlus. 2016 (188): 61–83. doi:10.4074/S0336150016012047. ISSN 0003-5033. Archived from the original on July 13, 2019. Retrieved July 13, 2019. "Why China crushed its tech giants". Wired UK. ISSN 1357-0978. Retrieved September 29, 2021. "China's DJI rebuffs Russian post calling its drones 'symbol of modern warfare'". South China Morning Post. August 15, 2022. Retrieved November 18, 2022. Sterling, Bruce (March 15, 2019). "The Big Nine G-MAFIA BAT". Wired.
Retrieved August 10, 2019. Robertson, Adi (February 8, 2021). "Section 230 Is 25 Years Old, And It's Never Been More Important". The Verge. Retrieved November 20, 2021. Grossman, Wendy M. "The Twenty-Six Words that Created the Internet, book review: The biography of a law". ZDNet. Retrieved September 4, 2020. Dippon, Christian (2017). Economic Value of Internet Intermediaries and the Role of Liability Protections (PDF) (Report). NERA Economic Consulting. Retrieved May 30, 2020 – via Internet Association. Madrigal, Alexis C. (January 15, 2020). "Silicon Valley Abandons the Culture That Made It the Envy of the World". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 29, 2021. Molla, Rani (April 9, 2018). "Amazon spent nearly $23 billion on R&D last year—more than any other U.S. company". Vox. Retrieved September 29, 2021. "'It's just the beginning': Covid push to
digital boosts big tech profits". the Guardian. May 1, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2021. Haroun, Chris (April 10, 2014). "Fighting the Big Fight: What the Cloud Wars Mean for Netflix, Spotify, Airbnb". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved November 24, 2021. "Tech giants fight 'cloud wars' deep in the ocean". BBC News. May 24, 2021. Retrieved November 24, 2021. Wu, Tim (July 16, 2019). "Where New Industries Get Their Start: Rebooting the Startup Economy" (PDF). House of Representatives. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 21, 2019. "Why tech industry monopolies could be a 'curse' for society". PBS NewsHour. January 17, 2019. Retrieved September 29, 2021. Kennedy, Joe (November 9, 2020). "Monopoly Myths: Is Big Tech Creating "Kill Zones"?". Apple, Google and a Deal That Controls the Internet The New York Times, 2020 "The rules of the tech
game are changing". The Economist. February 27, 2021. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved September 29, 2021. Horgan, John (October 7, 2020). "Big Tech, Out-of-Control Capitalism and the End of Civilization". Scientific American. Archived from the original on October 8, 2020. Retrieved January 6, 2022. PAGE, William; CHILDERS, Seldon (2007). Software Development as an Antitrust Remedy: Lessons from the Enforcement of the Microsoft Communications Protocol Licensing Requirement. Retrieved September 26, 2022. "FTC to Examine Past Acquisitions by Large Technology Companies". Federal Trade Commission. February 11, 2020. "FTC's Bureau of Competition Launches Task Force to Monitor Technology Markets". Federal Trade Commission. February 26, 2019. Cox, Kate (January 9, 2021). "House: Amazon, Facebook, Apple, Google have "monopoly power,"
should be split". Ars Technica. Retrieved January 9, 2021. Investigation of Competition in Digital Markets (PDF) (Report). United States House of Representatives. January 2021. Chairman Nadler's Statement for the markup of H.R.3825 (Report). United States House of Representatives. June 2021. How lower pricing could make for an Antitrust case against Amazon (Report). May 2019. "Why the Consumer Welfare Standard Should Remain the Bedrock of Antitrust Policy" (PDF). Information Technology & Innovation Foundation. October 5, 2018. "Investment Heroes 2019: Boosting U.S. Growth". Progressive Policy. December 12, 2019. "Wire fraud in United States e-commerce". Litesand. February 27, 2022. Breuninger, Kevin; Feiner, Lauren (July 9, 2021). "Biden signs order to crack down on Big Tech, boost competition 'across the board'". CNBC. Retrieved July 9,
2021. Sullivan, Kate; Fung, Brian; Klein, Betsy (July 9, 2021). "Biden signs sweeping executive order that targets Big Tech and aims to push competition in US economy". CNN. Retrieved July 9, 2021. The Verge, June 16, 2020 EU Opens Apple Antitrust Investigations into App Store and Apple Pay practices Open Markets Institute, The Corner Newsletter, June 25, 2020, Open Markets Examines the European Commission's Newly Announced Investigation into Potentially Anti-competitive Practices by Apple Parliament of the European Union, Hearing of Margrethe Vestager 8 Oct. 2019 p. 28 Bose, Nandita (September 23, 2021). "EXCLUSIVE Big Tech targeted by U.S. and EU in draft memo ahead of tech and trade meeting". Reuters. Retrieved September 29, 2021. Satariano, Adam (March 24, 2022). "E.U. Takes Aim at Big Tech's Power With Landmark Digital Act". The
New York Times. Retrieved March 24, 2022. Bell, Karissa (March 24, 2022). "European Union reaches provisional agreement on antitrust law targeting tech giants". Engadget. Retrieved March 24, 2022. Browne, Ryan (April 22, 2022). "EU agrees on landmark law aimed at forcing Big Tech firms to tackle illegal content". CNBC. Retrieved April 22, 2022. Chee, Foo Yun (July 5, 2022). "EU lawmakers pass landmark tech rules, but enforcement a worry". Reuters. Retrieved July 5, 2022. https://www.engadget.com/eu-confirms-the-six-tech-giants-subject-to-its-strict-new-competition-laws-161917822.html Pisani, Bob (October 3, 2017). "We are letting Amazon and Apple 'avoid taxes, invade privacy, and destroy jobs,' says NYU professor". CNBC. Bougon, François (May 21, 2019). "Face aux Gafam, les députés adoptent le droit voisin" [Members of Parliament pass a
related rights law against GAFAM] (in French). Le Monde. Archived from the original on May 25, 2019. Retrieved May 26, 2019. Kingwell, Mark (January 7, 2022). "Opinion: Might the left and right unite in their shared hatred of Big Tech?". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved March 5, 2022. Manjoo, Farhad (May 19, 2022). "Regulating Online Speech Can Be a Terrible Idea". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 19, 2022. Thayer, Joel (February 28, 2022). "The damnable religious inklings of the Big Tech libertarian". The Hill. Retrieved June 12, 2022. Seetharaman, Deepa (November 15, 2018). "Facebook Says Criticism of Its Russia Response Is 'Unfair'". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved August 6, 2021. Illing, Sean (October 16, 2017). "Cambridge Analytica, the shady data firm that might be a key Trump-Russia link, explained". Vox.
Retrieved August 6, 2021. Volz, Georgia Wells, Robert McMillan and Dustin (October 8, 2019). "Senate Faults Google, Other Tech Giants for Role in Russian Election Meddling". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved August 6, 2021. Roose, Kevin; Frenkel, Sheera; Perlroth, Nicole (March 29, 2020). "Tech Giants Prepared for 2016-Style Meddling. But the Threat Has Changed". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 6, 2021. "YouTube says it's getting better at taking down videos that break its rules. They still number in the millions". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved August 6, 2021. Bond, Shannon (March 16, 2021). "'Ya Basta Facebook' Says Company Must Curb Misinformation In Spanish". NPR.org. Retrieved August 6, 2021. "Just 12 People Are Behind Most Vaccine Hoaxes On Social Media, Research Shows". NPR.org.
Retrieved August 6, 2021. "E&C Committee Announces Hearing with Tech CEOs on the Misinformation and Disinformation Plaguing Online Platforms". Democrats, Energy and Commerce Committee. February 18, 2021. Retrieved August 6, 2021. "Google, Facebook Twitter grilled in US on fake news". BBC News. March 25, 2021. Retrieved August 6, 2021. "Biden softens criticism of Facebook after accusing company of 'killing people'". NBC News. Retrieved August 6, 2021. Silverman, Jacob; Noah, Timothy; Noah, Timothy; Ford, Matt; Ford, Matt; Segers, Grace; Segers, Grace; Konczal, Mike; Sterling, Steph (July 19, 2021). "Facebook Is Designed to Spread Covid Misinformation". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved August 6, 2021. "Defying rules, anti-vaccine accounts thrive on social media". AP NEWS. April 20, 2021. Retrieved August 6, 2021. "Big Tech's
Heavy Hand Around the Globe". Human Rights Watch. September 8, 2020. Retrieved September 29, 2021. McCullagh, Declan (February 2019). "Deplatforming Is a Dangerous Game". Reason. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. "Amazon, Apple, Facebook and Google grilled on Capitol Hill over their market power". Washington Post. July 29, 2020. Retrieved August 28, 2021. Breland, Ali. "In attacking Amazon, Matt Gaetz boosts a terrorist organization". Mother Jones. Retrieved August 28, 2021. "Trump Blames 'Big Media, Big Tech' as he Rails Against Election 'Fraud' Without Evidence". Washington Times. November 5, 2020. Retrieved January 12, 2021. "This is what Trump told supporters before many stormed Capitol Hill". ABC News. Retrieved January 10, 2021. The fake news and the big tech, big tech, is now coming into their own. We beat them
four years ago, we surprised them. We took him by surprise and this year they rigged an election, they rigged it like they have never rigged an election before, and by the way, last night, they didn't do a bad job either, if you notice. I am honest, and I just again, I want to thank you. It's just a great honor to have this kind of crowd and to be before you and hundreds of thousands of American patriots who are committed to the honesty of our elections and the integrity of our glorious Republic. "Angela Merkel finds Twitter's block on Trump's account 'problematic'". The Daily Telegraph. Agence France-Presse. January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021. "'Problematic': Germany's Angela Merkel calls out Twitter over Trump ban". Global News. January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021. "Analysis | The Technology 202: New report calls conservative claims of
social media censorship 'a form of disinformation'". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved August 28, 2021. "Tech - Bias Report 2021". NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights. Retrieved August 28, 2021. Tiffany, Kaitlyn (April 28, 2022). "Why Hunter Biden's Laptop Will Never Go Away". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 2, 2022. "Hunter Biden laptop confirmation proves Big Tech's bias". Washington Examiner. May 31, 2022. Retrieved June 2, 2022. Justin Baragona, Adam Rawnsley (June 28, 2021). "YouTube Bans and Then Unbans Right Wing Watch, a Media Watchdog Devoted to Exposing Right-Wing Conspiracies". The Daily Beast. Retrieved November 11, 2021. Kelly, Makena (March 11, 2019). "Facebook proves Elizabeth Warren's point by deleting her ads about breaking up Facebook". The Verge. Retrieved November 11, 2021. Feiner, Lauren
(March 12, 2019). "Elizabeth Warren says Facebook proved her point that it has too much power by removing her ads". CNBC. Retrieved November 11, 2021. "Apple, Google raise new concerns by yanking Russian app". AP NEWS. September 22, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021. "Farmers' protest page was flagged as spam, clarifies Facebook a day after blocking account". Scroll.in. December 21, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2021. Singh, Karan Deep (February 10, 2021). "Twitter Blocks Accounts in India as Modi Pressures Social Media". New York Times. Retrieved December 5, 2021. "Facebook did not ban Bajrang Dal due to concern for employees' safety, business prospects: Report". Scroll.in. December 14, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2021. Leskin, Paige. "Here are all the major US tech companies blocked behind China's 'Great Firewall'". Business Insider.
Retrieved September 29, 2021. "Facebook, Google others face higher fines in Russia as Kremlin cracks down". South China Morning Post. September 21, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021. "Russia blocks access to Facebook and Twitter". the Guardian. March 4, 2022. Retrieved March 6, 2022. "Russia labels Meta an 'extremist organization', says WhatsApp can stay". Financial Post. March 21, 2022. Freelon, Deen; Marwick, Alice; Kreiss, Daniel (September 4, 2020). "False equivalencies: Online activism from left to right". Science. 369 (6508): 1197–1201. Bibcode:2020Sci...369.1197F. doi:10.1126/science.abb2428. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 32883863. S2CID 221471947. Archived from the original on September 4, 2020. Retrieved September 5, 2020. (freely available version) Andrews, Frank; Pym, Ambrose (February 24, 2021). "The Websites Sustaining Britain's
)
https://www.statista.com/statistics/288056/leading-retail-websites-in-europe-based-on-unique-visitors/
https://www.statista.com/statistics/216573/worldwide-market-share-of-search-engines/
https://companiesmarketcap.com/tech/largest-tech-companies-by-market-cap/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_230 (
Far-Right Influencers". Bellingcat. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2021. Barber, Gregory. "Meta's Threads Could Make—or Break—the Fediverse". Wired. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
Brannon, Valerie C. (June 6, 2019). "Liability for Content Hosts: An Overview of the Communication Decency Act's Section 230" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved September 5, 2020. Gross man, Wendy M. "The Twenty-Six Words that Created the Internet, book review: The biography of a law". ZDNet. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2020. "Trump's Executive Order: What to Know About Section 230". Council on F oreign Relations. Archived from the original on November 20, 2020. Retrieved September 4, 2020. Ruane, Kathleen Ann (February 21 , 2018). "How Broad A Shield? A Brief Overview of Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 6, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2019. See Gucci America, Inc. v. Hall & Associates, 135 F. Supp. 409 (S.D.N.Y. 2001). (no immunity for contributory liability for trademark infringement). Backpage.com, LLC v. McKenna, 881 F. Supp.2d 1262 (W.D. Wash. 2012). Voicenet Commc'ns, Inc. v. Corbett, 2006 WL 2506318, 4 (E.D.Pa. August 30, 2006) . Barnes v. Yahoo!, Inc. , 570 F.3d 1096 at 1102 (9th Cir. 2009).
"Anthony v. Yahoo! Inc., 421 F.Supp.2d 1257 (N.D.Cal. 2006)". November 5, 2012. Archived from the original on October 16, 2020. Retrieved January 20, 2021. Anthony v. Yahoo! Inc., 421 F.Supp.2d 1257 (N.D.Cal. 2006) Barnes v. Yahoo! Inc., 570 F.3d 1096 ( 9th Cir. 2009). "Barnes v. Yahoo!, 570 F.3d 1096 (9th Cir. 2009)". November 5, 2012. Archived from the original on November 10, 2 020. Retrieved January 20, 2021. Perfect 10, Inc. v. CCBill, LLC, 481 F.3d 751 (9th Cir. March 29, 2007, amended May 31, 2007). Cf. Carafano v. Metrosplash.com, Inc., 339 F.3d 1119 (9th Cir. August 13, 2003). (dismissing, inter alia, right of publicity cl aim under Section 230 without discussion). But see Doe v. Friendfinder Network, Inc., 540 F.Supp.2d 288 (D.N.H. 2008). (230 does not immunize against state IP claims, including right of publicity claims). Doe v. Friendfinder Network, Inc., 540 F.Supp.2d 28 8 (D.N.H. 2008). "Explainer: How Letting Platforms Decide What Content To Facilitate Is What Makes Section 230 Work". Above the Law. June 21, 2019. Archived from the original on March 6, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2019. Smith v. California, 361 U.S. 147 (1959 ). "Section 230 as First Amendment Rule". Harvard Law Review. 131: 2027. May 10, 2018. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved June 21, 2019. Robertson, Adi (June 21, 2019). "Why The Internet's Most Important Law Exists And How People Are Still Getting It Wrong". The Verge. Archived from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved June 21, 2019. Stratton Oakmont, Inc. v. Prodigy Services Co., 31063/94, 1995 WL 323710, 1995 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 712 Archived April 17, 2009, at the Wayback Machin e (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1995). Fung, Brian;
Sneed, Tierney (February 21, 2023). "Takeaways from the Supreme Court's hearing in blockbuster internet speech case". CNN. Re trieved February 21, 2023. Reynolds, Matt (March 24, 2019). "The strange story of Section 230, the obscure law that created our flawed, broken internet". Wired UK. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2019. Gillette, Felix (A ugust 7, 2019). "Section 230 Was Supposed to Make the Internet a Better Place. It Failed". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved August 12, 2019. Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 104–104 (text) (PDF) Reno v. ACLU, 521 U.S. 844, 885 (United States Supreme Court 1997). Dippon, Christian (2017). Economic Value of Internet Intermediaries and the Role of Liability Protections (PDF) (Report). NERA Economic Consulting. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved May 30, 2020 – via Internet Association. Zeran v. Am. Online, Inc., 129 F.3d 327, 331 (4th Cir. 1997) 129 F.3d 330. Shroud, Matt (August 19, 2014). "These six lawsuits shaped the internet". The Verge. Archived from the original on February 8, 2 021. Retrieved July 2, 2019. Tushnet, Rebecca (August 28, 2008). "Power Without Responsibility: Intermediaries and the First Ame ndment". The Georgetown Law Journal. 76: 101–131. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2019. Kosseff, Jeff (2017). "The Gradual Erosion of the Law That Shaped the Internet: Section 230s Evolution Over Two Decades". Columbia Sci ence and Technology Law Review. 18 (1). SSRN 3225774. http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore /opinio ns/200 8/04/02 /04569 16.pdf Arc hived February 21, 2012, at
the Wayback Machine, Fair Hous. Council of San Fernando Valley v. Roommates.com, LLC, 521 F.3d 1157 (9th Cir. 2008). Defterde rian, Varty (2009). ""Fair Housing Council v. Roommates.com": A New Path for Section 230 Immunity". Berkeley Technology Law Journal. 24 (1): 563–592. JSTOR 24121369. Goldman, Eric (April 3, 2008). "Roommates.com Denied 230 Immunity by Ninth Circuit En Banc (With My Comments)". ericgoldman.org. Archived from the original on March 6, 2021. Retrieved May 29, 2020. Biederma, Christine (June 18, 2019). "Inside Backpage.com's Vicious Battle With the Feds". Wired. Archived from the original on June 18, 2019. Retri eved July 1, 2019. Staff, Ars (December 23, 2017). "How do you change the most important law in Internet history? Carefully". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on February 21, 2021. Retrieved December 26, 2017. Chung, Andrew (January 9, 2017). "U.S. Supreme Court will not examine tech industry legal shield". Reuters. Archived from the original on October 22, 2020. Retrieved July 1, 2019. Romero, Aja (July 2, 2018). "A new law intended to curb sex trafficking threatens the future of the internet as we know it". Vox. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2019. Jackman, Tom (August 1, 2017). "Senate launches bill to remove immunity for websites hosting illegal content, spurred by Backpage.com". Washington Post. ISSN 0190 -8286. Archived from the original on December 21, 2020. Retrieved December 26, 2017. Ann, Wagner (March 21, 2018). "H.R.1865 – 115th Congress (2017–2018): Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act of 2017". www.congress.gov. Archived from the original on
April 8, 2018. Retrieved April 9, 2018. Elizabeth Dias (April 11, 2018). "Trump Signs Bill Amid Momentum to Crack Down on Tra fficking". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 12, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2018. Larry Magid (April 6, 201 8). "DOJ Seizes Backpage.com Weeks After Congress Passes Sex Trafficking Law". Forbes. Archived from the original on April 8, 201 8. Retrieved April 8, 2018. "ACLU letter opposing SESTA". American Civil Liberties Union. Archived from the original on March 24, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2018. "SWOP-USA stands in opposition of disguised internet censorship bill SESTA, S. 1963". Sex Workers Outreach Project. Archived from the original on October 24, 2017. Retrieved October 23, 2017. "Wikipedia warns that SESTA will strip away protections vital to its existence". The Verge. Archived from the original on March 9, 2018. Retrieved March 8, 2018. "Sex trafficking bill is turning into a proxy war over Google". The Verge. Archived from the original on September 21, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017. Quinn, Melissa. "Tech community fighting online sex trafficking bill over fears it will stifle i nnovation". Washington Examiner. Archived from the original on September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017. "How a New Sena te Bill Will Screw Over Sex Workers". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on March 24, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2018. Zim merman, Amy (April 4, 2018). "Sex Workers Fear for Their Future: How SESTA Is Putting Many Prostitutes in Peril". The Daily Beas t. Archived from the original on April 7, 2018. Retrieved April 7, 2018. Zhou, Li; Scola, Nancy; Gold, Ashley (November 1, 2017) . "Senators to Facebook, Google, Twitter:
Wake up to Russian threat". Politico. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved March 12, 2019. Thomas, Clare nce. "Statement of JUSTICE THOMAS respecting the denial of certiorari" (PDF). SupremeCourt.gov. "Clarence Thomas Suggests Section 230 Immunities Applied Too Broadly to Tech Companies". news.yahoo.com. October 13, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2022. York, T. J. (November 22, 2021). "Experts Warn Against Total Repeal of Section 230". Archived from the original on November 28, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2021. Ghosemajumder, Shuman (January 6, 2021). "Fixing Section 230–not ending it—would be better for everyone". Fast Company. Archived from the original on November 28, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2021. Smith, Michael D.; Alstyne, Marshall Van (August 12, 2021). "It's Time to Update Section 230". Harvard Business Review. ISSN 0017-8012. Archived from the original on November 28, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2021. "Ex -Washington Post editor: Big Tech does 'a lot of harm' but has 'advantage s'". finance.yahoo.com. August 6, 2021. Archived from the original on November 28, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2021. Harmon, Elliot (April 12, 2018). "No, Section 230 Does Not Require Platforms to Be "Neutral"". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Archived from the original on February 17, 2021. Retrieved July 17, 2019. Robertson, Adi (June 21, 2019). "Why the internet's most important law exists and how people are still getting it wrong". The Verge. Archived from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieve d July 17, 2019. Lecher, Colin (June 20, 2019). "Both parties are mad about a proposal for federal anti-bias certification". The Verge. Archived from the
original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved July 17, 2019. Masnick, Mike (April 13, 2018). "Ted Cruz Demands A Return Of The Fai rness Doctrine, Which He Has Mocked In The Past, Due To Misunderstanding CDA 230". Techdirt. Archived from the original on December 7, 2020. Retrieved July 17, 2019. Vas, Nicole (March 19, 2019). "GOP steps up attack over tech bias claims". The Hill. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved July 17, 2019. Eggerton, John. "Sen. Hawley: Big Tech's Sec. 230 Sweetheart Deal Must End". Multichannel. Archived from the original on August 21, 2020. Retrieved July 17, 2019. MacMillan, John D. McKin non and Douglas (December 11, 2018). "Google CEO Sundar Pichai Faces Lawmakers Skeptical Over Privacy, Alleged Anti -Conservative Bias". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved July 17, 2019. Evans, Glenn. "Gohmert bill targets filtering of conservative messages by social media platforms". Longview News -Journal. Archived from the original on D ecember 14, 2020. Retrieved July 17, 2019. Eggerton, John. "Hawley Bill Takes Big Bite Out of Big Tech's Sec. 230 Shield". Mu ltichannel. Archived from the original on December 7, 2020. Retrieved July 17, 2019. Wellons, Mary Catherine (June 18, 2019). "G OP senator introduces a bill that would blow up business models for Facebook, YouTube and other tech giants". CNBC. Archived fro m the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved June 21, 2019. Echelon Insights. "A Plurality Supports Regulation of Tech Companie s for Bias" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2019. Lecher, Colin (June 21, 2019) . "Both parties are
mad about a proposal for federal anti-bias certification". The Verge. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved June 21, 2019. Corbone, Christopher (April 15, 2019). "Pelosi heralds 'new era' of Big Tech regulation, says 230 protections could be removed". Fox News. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved August 2, 2019. Lima, Cristiano (July 9, 2019). "How a widening political rift over online liability is splitting Washington". Politico. Archived from the original on F ebruary 25, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2019. Steward, Emily (May 16, 2019). "Ron Wyden wrote the law that built the internet. He still stands by it – and everything it's brought with it". Recode. Archived from the original on February 9, 2021. Retrieved August 14, 2019. Ingram, Matthew (August 8, 2019). "The myth of social media anti-conservative bias refuses to die". Columbia Journalism Review. Archived from the original on March 4, 2021. Retrieved August 14, 2019. "Expect More Conservative Purges on Social Media If Republicans Target Section 230". Reason.com. November 28, 2018. Archived from the original on February 2, 2021. Retrie ved July 17, 2019. Larson, Erik (May 27, 2020). "Twitter, Facebook Win Appeal in Anticonservative -Bias Suit". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020. Wakabayashi, Daisuke (August 6, 2019). "Legal Shield for We bsites Rattles Under Onslaught of Hate Speech". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 8, 2021. Retrieved Au gust 12, 2019. Prager, Dennis (August 6, 2019). "Don't Let Google Get Away With Censorship". The Wall Street Journal. Archived f rom the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved
August 12, 2019. Masnick, Mike (August 6, 2019). "NY Times Joins Lots Of Other Media Sites In Totally And Completely Misrepre senting Section 230". Techdirt. Archived from the original on February 20, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2019. Brown, Elizabeth Nol an (August 7, 2019). "Free Speech on the Internet Continues to Confuse Everyone". Reason. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved August 12, 2019. Post, David (August 9, 2019). "The Sec. 230 Temperature is Rising". Reason. Archived from th e original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved August 9, 2019. Kelly, Makena (August 16, 2019). "Beto O'Rourke seeks new limits on Sec tion 230 as part of gun violence proposal". The Verge. Archived from the original on February 7, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2019 . Kelly, Makena (January 17, 2020). "Joe Biden wants to revoke Section 230". The Verge. Archived from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved January 17, 2020. "Joe Biden Says Age Is Just a Number". The New York Times. January 17, 2020. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 2, 2021. Retrieved January 17, 2020. Citron, Danielle; Wittes, Benjamin (August 2, 2018). "The Problem Isn't Just Backpage: Revising Section 230 Immunity". Georgetown Law Technology Review. 453. SSRN 3218521. Neuburger, Je ffrey (August 9, 2019). "Facebook Shielded by CDA Immunity against Federal Claims for Allowing Use of Its Platform by Terrorists ". National Law Review. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved August 14, 2019. Williams, Pete (March 7, 2022) . "Supreme Court's Thomas calls for new look at giving Facebook broad immunity". www.nbcnews.com. "Supreme Court to hear challenge to law that
shields internet companies from lawsuits". USA Today. Robertson, Adi (October 3, 2022). "The Supreme Court will determine whe ther you can sue platforms for hosting terrorists". The Verge. Retrieved October 4, 2022. McCabe, David (January 19, 2023). "Supreme Court Poised to Reconsider Key Tenets of Online Speech". The New York Times. Feiner, Lauren (February 19, 2020). "AG Barr takes aim at a key legal protection for Big Tech companies". CNBC. Archived from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved February 20, 2020. Robertson, Adi (February 19, 2020). "Five Lessons From The Justice Department's Big Debate Over Section 230". The Ve rge. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved February 20, 2020. "Department of Justice's Review of Section 230 of The Communications Decency Act of 1996". United States D epartment of Justice. June 17, 2020. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2020. Kendall, Brent; Mc Kinnon, John D. (June 17, 2020). "Justice Department Proposes Limiting Internet Companies' Protections". The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2020. Robertson, Adi (March 5, 2020). "Congress proposes an ti-child abuse rules to punish web platforms — and raises fears about encryption". The Verge. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved March 5, 2020. Clark, John F. (March 5, 2020). "EARN IT Act 2020". National Center for Missing & Exploite d Children. Archived from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2020. "Statement – National Center on Sexual Exploitation Supports EARN IT Act". National Center on Sexual Exploitation. March 5, 2020.
Archived from the original on March 6, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2020. Gross, Grant (March 13, 2020). "Child exploitation bi ll earns strong opposition from encryption advocates". Washington Examiner. Archived from the original on October 8, 2020. Retri eved October 6, 2020. "Coalition letter opposing EARN IT 3-6-20" (PDF). March 6, 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2020. "Internet freedom activists: Congress must reject hotly contested EARN IT Act". The Dail y Dot. March 6, 2020. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2020. Harmon, Elliot (January 31, 2020). "Congress Must Stop the Graham-Blumenthal Anti-Security Bill". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2020. Fisher, Christine. "EARN IT Act amendments transfer the fight over Section 230 to the states". Engadget. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2020. Newman, Ronald; Ruane, Kate; Guliani, Neema Singh; Thompson, Ian (July 1, 2020). "ACLU Letter of Opposition to EARN IT Act Manager's Amendment". American Ci vil Liberties Union. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2020. Kurnick, Chelsea (September 15, 2020). "Censorship Disguised". East Bay Express. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2020. "US: Senate Should Reject EARN IT Act". Human Rights Watch. June 1, 2020. Archived from the original on November 16, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2020. Ng, Alfred (March 10, 2020). "Why your privacy could be threatened by a bill to protect children". CNet. Archi ved from the original on February 27,
2021. Retrieved March 10, 2020. Feiner, Lauren (March 11, 2020). "Senators dispute industry claims that a bill targeting tech 's legal shield would prohibit encryption". CNBC. Archived from the original on January 3, 2021. Retrieved April 2, 2020. Romm, Tony (March 3, 2020). "Congress, Justice Department take aim at tech, hoping to halt spread of child sexual exploitation online" . The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved March 3, 2020. "Graham, Blumenthal, Hawley, Fei nstein Introduce EARN IT Act to Encourage Tech Industry to Take Online Child Sexual Exploitation Seriously" (Press release). Uni ted States Senate Committee on the Judiciary. March 5, 2020. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved March 10, 2020. Keller, Michael (May 5, 2020). "A $5 Billion Proposal to Fight Online Child Sexual Abuse". The New York Times. Archived f rom the original on February 5, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2020. Fisher, Christine (July 2, 2020). "EARN IT Act amendments transfer the fight over Section 230 to the states". Engadget. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 20 20. Mullin, Joe (October 2, 2020). "Urgent: EARN IT Act Introduced in House of Representatives". EFF. Archived from the original on February 23, 2021. Retrieved October 2, 2020. Hoonhout, Tobias (June 9, 2020). "GOP Senators Ask FCC to 'Clearly Define' Section 230 Protections for Big Tech". National Review. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2020. Bran dom, Russell (June 17, 2020). "Senate Republicans want to make it easier to sue tech companies for bias". The Verge. Archived from the original on February 20, 2021.
Retrieved June 17, 2020. Kelly, Makena (June 24, 2020). "The PACT Act would force platforms to disclose shadowbans and demone tizations". The Verge. Archived from the original on February 20, 2021. Retrieved June 24, 2020. Robinson, Adi (July 28, 2020). "Sen. Josh Hawley wants to strip legal protections from sites with targeted ads". The Verge. Archived from the original on Janua ry 25, 2021. Retrieved July 28, 2020. Kelly, Makena (September 8, 2020). "Republicans pressure platforms with new 230 bill". The Verge. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2020. Birnbaum, Emily; Lapowsky, Issie (February 5, 2021). "This is the Democrats' plan to limit Section 230". Protocol. Archived from the original on February 9, 2021. Retrieve d February 5, 2021. Romm, Tony (July 11, 2019). "Trump accuses social media companies of 'terrible bias' at White House summit decried by critics". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 21, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2020. Roth, Yoel; Pickles, Nick (May 11, 2020). "Updating our Approach to Misleading Information". Twitter. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2020. Lybrand, Holmes; Subramaniam, Tara (May 27, 2020). "Fact-checking Trump's recent claims that mail-in voting is rife with fraud". CNN. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2020. Klar, Rebecca (M ay 28, 2020). "Dorsey defends decision to fact-check Trump tweet: 'More transparency from us is critical'". The Hill. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2020. Fung, Brian (May 27, 2020). "Trump threatens to crack down on social media platforms after Twitter
labels his tweets". CNN. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2020. "Executive Order on Preventi ng Online Censorship". whitehouse.gov. May 28, 2020. Archived from the original on January 29, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2020 – via National Archives. Fung, Brian; Nobles, Ryan; Liptak, Kevin (May 28, 2020). "Trump is set to announce an executive order again st social media companies". CNN. Archived from the original on February 13, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2020. Dean, Sam (May 28, 2020). "The facts about Section 230, the internet speech law Trump wants to change". Los Angeles
)
https //www stat sta com/stat st cs/272014/g oba soc a networks ranked by number of users/