French borrowings In English

1. French borrowings

In English
5508 group

2. The periodization of borrowings

In XII-XV centuries the leader of borrowings is the
sphere related to the description of human feelings,
because there is an increase of interest to the person.
During this period the words related to military and
science also were borrowed.
The Norman conquest has found its reflection also in
vocabulary related to school training, science and
learning.
By the end of XV century the quantity of the words
describing the various phenomena of industry, trade,
political life appeared.

3. Means of borrowing

Phonetical borrowings: corps, echelon,
brochure, chateau, bureau, ragout, cuisine
Translation loans: literature, empire,
government, manœuvre
borrowings: sky-scrapper
Morthemic borrowings: ignorance,
princess, government
Semantic

4. Borrowing of French words

• There are the following semantic groups of French
borrowings:
empire, state, government;
words related to military affairs: army, soldier, battle;
words related to jury: advocate, petition, sentence;
words related to fashion: luxury, collar;
words related to jewelry: topaz, pearl ;
words related to food and cooking: dinner, appetite.
• words related to government :

5. The degree of assimilation of borrowings

• Completely assimilated borrowings
• Partly assimilated borrowings:
– Non-assimilated semantically
– Non-assimilated grammaticaly
– Non-assimilated phonetically
• Non-assimilated (called ‘barbarisms’)

6. Completely assimilated borrowings

Army – arm (корень от фр. armée) + y (diminutive
suffixe)
Soldier – sold (корень от фр. soldat) + i (?) + er
(suffixe)
State – stat (корень от фр. status) + e (ending)
Empire – от фр. empire
Dinner – от фр. dinner
Petition – от фр. pétition
Collar – col (корень от фр. col) + lar (suffixe)
Appetite –от фр. appetite
Pearl – от фр. perles
Advocate – ad (prefixe) +voc (корень от фр. avocat)
+ ate (Romanic suffixe)
Battle – bat (корень от фр. bataille) + tle (suf)

7. Semantic groups of the partly-assimilated borrowings

Semantic groups of the partlyassimilated borrowings
Words were borrowed from French into
English after 1650, mainly through the
French literature, but they are not as
numerous and many of them are not
completely assimilated. There are the
following semantic groups of these
borrowings:
words related to literature and music: belle-
words related to military affairs: corps,
words related to buildings and furniture:
lettres, brochure, nuance;
echelon, manouvre
chateau, bureau;
words related to food and cooking: ragout,
cuisine.

8. Partly assimilated borrowings:

Brochure – от фр. brochure
Government - от фр. gouvernement
Topaz – от фр. topaze
Belle-lettres – от фр. belle-lettres
Nuance – от фр. nuance
Echelon – от фр. echelon
Manoeuvre – от фр. manoeuvre
Bureau – от фр. bureau

9. Non-assimilated phonetically:

Corps – от фр. Corps
Belle-lettres – от фр. belle-lettres

10. Non-assimilated semantically:

Ragout – от франц ragoût
Cuisine – от фр Cuisine

11. Ways of borrowing

• Historical ways
• Psychological factors
• Development of the literature
• Development of science and technology

12. Historical ways of borrowing

Norman conquests gave to the English
language:
• words related to military affairs: army,
soldier, battle;
• words related to government : empire,
state, government;
• words related to food and cooking: dinner

13. Psycological factors

Many borrowing from French appeared in this
period because after about 1250 there were more
French speakers who began speaking English —
remember the loss of Normandy in 1204.
words
words
words
words
words
words
related
related
related
related
related
related
to
to
to
to
to
to
government : government, state, empire
jury: advocate, petition
military affairs: army, battle, soldier
fashion: collar,
jewelry: topaz, pearl;
food and cooking: appetite

14. The development of the literature

• words related to literature and music: bellelettres, brochure, nuance;
• words related to military affairs: corps,
echelon, manoeuvre;
• words related to buildings and furniture:
chateau, bureau;
• words related to food and cooking: ragout,
cuisine.

15. The development of science and technology

This tendency gives berth to neologisms:
• Discotheque (от фр. discothèque)
• Cinematheque (от фр. cinémathèque)
• Government (от фр. gouvernement)

16. The stylistics and connotation of borrowings.

Words related to government :
• empire - written speech; literary language;
conn.-elevated
• state – spoken/written speech; literary
language; conn.-neutral;
• government – spoken/written speech;
literary language; in the domain of politics;
conn.-neutral

17. Words related to military affairs:

army – spoken/written speech; literary language;
conn. - neutral;
soldier – spoken/written speech; literary language;
conn.-neutral;
battle - written speech; literary language; conn.elevated
corps - written speech; literary language; conn.elevated
echelon - written speech; literary language; conn.elevated
manoeuvre - spoken\ written speech; literary
language; conn.-neutral;

18. Words related to jury:

advocate –
spoken/written speech;
literary language; conn.neutral;
petition - written
speech; literary language;
marked.
sentence - written
speech; literary language;
conn.-neutral

19. Words related to fashion:

• luxury - spoken speech; colloquial;
• collar - spoken speech ; colloquial; conn.neutral

20. Words related to jewelry:

• topaz - written speech; literary language;
conn.-neutral;
• pearl - written speech; literary language;
conn.-neutral

21. Words related to food and cooking:

dinner – spoken/written speech; literary
language; conn.-neutral;
appetite – spoken/written speech; literary
language; conn.-neutral;
ragout - spoken speech; colloquial; conn.neutral
cuisine - written speech; literary language;
conn.-elevated;

22. Words related to literature

• belle-lettres - written speech; literary
language; language of linguists;conn.elevated;
• brochure – spoken/written speech; literary
language; conn.-neutral;
• nuance – spoken/written speech;colloquial

23. Words related to buildings and furniture:

chateau – spoken/written speech; literary
language; conn.-elevated;
bureau – spoken/written speech; literary
language; conn.-neutral;

24. The Norman Conquest

• court – spoken/written speech; literary
language; conn.-neutral;
• nobility - written speech; literary language;
conn.-elevated;
• polite society - written speech; literary
language; conn.elevated;
• literature – spoken/written speech; literary
language; conn.-neutral.

25. Authors:

The periodization of borrowings
Ways of borrowings
The degree of assimilation of
borrowings
Semantic groups of French
borrowings
The degree of assimilation of
borrowings
The stylistics and connotation of
borrowings
Assemblage and presentation
Means of borrowing
Белова Надежда
Дацыкова Анна, Белова
Надежда
Дацыкова Анна
Кудинова Наталия
Анофриева Ирина
Быстрова Татьяна
Березина Наталия
Никитченко Марат