Abu Reikhan Beruniy inglizcha

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Khorezm of that period was famous for being a place where
science and the arts flowered. A group of scientists was
organized to work in the court of the Khorezm Shah. Among the
members of the group were the scientists Al-Beruniy, Ibn Irak,
and Ibn Sino; the philosophers Abu Sahl Masihiy and Abul Khaiyr
Khamar; the poet Abu Mansur as - Salibiy, and others. In 1017
Khorezm was occupied by the troops of Sultan Mahmud
Gazneviy, who captured Al-Beruniy and took him to his capital,
Gazna. There, AI-Beruniy stayed to the end of his days. He only
returned to visit his hometown, Khorezm, in 1025.
Al-Beruniy is known under the name Alborona in Western
Europe. European scientists believed he was a Spanish monk.

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Al-Beruniy was the author of more than 150 works. Approximately 30
of them remain today. Mostly his works are on mathematics and
astronomy. The most significant, "Memorials to the Past Generations",
is a chronology of the religious holidays of many nations, including the
Khorezmians. It also deals with the basics of astronomy and
astronomic instruments.
Beruniy's work "Explanation of Acknowledged and Unacknowledged
Indian Sciences by the Great Intellects", which is better known as
"India" is a remarkable monument of science and culture. This work is
a bona fide encyclopedia of the country. While living among the
Indians, Al-Beruniy learned Sanskrit and obtained much information on
ethnography, geography, biology, philology, history, and astronomy
from Indian scientific sources. He included all this information in his
book, "India". "India" was translated into many languages including
Uzbek, Russian, French, and English. The treatise has been reprinted
many times

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Another great work by Beruniy is "Maasud's Canon", dealing with
astronomy and mathematics. This work is dedicated to Sultan Maasud,
Mahmud Gazneviy's son, who ruled in 1030-41. The treatise consists of
11 books, expounding on the history and traditions of various nations;
information on geography, mathematics, astronomy, and astrology;
and comments by medieval scientists. A few of his Arabic manuscripts
have survived. These books were published in Arabic, Uzbek, and
Russian.
Unlike other works by Beruniy, his "Basics of Astral Science" was
written in two languages: Arabic and Persian. It contains 530 questions
and answers on geometry, arithmetic, astronomy, geography, natural
astrology, and history.
The great scientist and major public figure, Al-Beruniy, has significantly
contributed to the development of the science and culture of the
World.

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In his work "Geodesia" he writes that he determined the geographical
latitude of the city of Cat in 990. It is known that in order to determine
geographic latitude, it is necessary to have sufficient knowledge of
geography, mathematics and astronomy. He comes to the city of Ray
(near present-day Tehran). In Rai, he met the famous scientist mathematician and astronomer al-Khojandi, physician and philosopher
al-Razi. Beruni Rayda writes his treatise "Al-Fakhri sextant". 997 Beruni
returned to Kat. During this period, there were changes in Khorezm,
Ma'mun died and Ali ibn Ma'mun came to the throne in his place. In
997, the famous physician Abu Ali Ibn Sina also came to Urganj.
998 Beruni came to Jurjan. He lived in Jurjan until 1004. He created
about fifteen of his works here. In particular, the scientist's work
"Relics of Ancient Peoples" was written here around 1000. Beruni
returned to Khorezm in the spring of 1004. At this time, the capital of
Khorezm was Urganj. In Urganj he observed a lunar eclipse. Al-Masihi,
doctor al-Hammar, Ibn Iraq and others worked in the palace

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In Urganj, Beruni dealt with mathematics, astronomy, as well as some
problems of physics and mineralogy. It was here that the idea of using specific
gravities to identify minerals and systematize them was born.
In the summer of 1017, by order of the Turkish king Mahmud Ghaznavi,
Beruni was taken to Ghazna as a prisoner. He lived there in difficult
conditions. After 1019, he reached the condition of doing scientific work. In
1022-1024 Mahmud took Beruni with him during his march to India. Even
during the trip, Beruni studied science. He measured the length of one
degree of the meridian of the globe near the fort of Nandna in Punjab, and it
was 110,895 km. found out that If this information is compared with the
result of modern measurements - 111.1 km, it can be seen how accurate
Beruni's measurements are. He spent most of his life in Ghazna, then the
capital of the Ghaznavid state in present-day southeastern Afghanistan. While
traveling to the Indian subcontinent, he wrote a treatise on Indian culture
called Tarikh al-Hind (History of India) in 1030 after studying the Hindu
religion practiced in India. He was a remarkably unbiased writer for his time.
The traditions and beliefs of various peoples, and his scientific objectivity
earned him the title of al-Ustad ("The Master") for his excellent depiction of
India in the early 11th century.

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Mahmud of Ghaznavi died in 1030 and was succeeded by his son Mas'ud. Mas'ud
showed many compliments to Beruni. For this reason, Beruni dedicated his royal
work to Mas'ud and called it "The Law of Mas'ud". Although this work is mainly
about astronomy, many of Beruni's mathematical discoveries, i.e. trigonometry and
spherical trigonometry, are described in this work. Beruni's contributions to
mathematics and other fields of science can also be seen in the more than 100
works he left behind. The largest of them are "India", "Monuments", "Kanuni
Mas'udi", "Geodesy", "Mineralogy" and "Astronomy". The rest can be divided as
follows: mathematics - 22; about astronomical instruments - 10; astrological ones 21; various sciences (physics, mineralogy, literature, history, etc.) - 38; translated
works from different languages - 21. Only about 30 of Beruni's works have survived
to our days. Even in his youth, Beruni spent a lot of time with various observations.
He made a children's astronomical instrument. He was engaged in determining the
coordinates of various places of Khorezm, and in 995-996 he carried out
astronomical measurements in the city of Kat with a circle with a diameter of 15 ziro'
(Ziro' is an ancient unit of measurement, about 49 centimeters) and other
instruments. 152 works of Beruni are known, and only 30 of them have reached us.
70 of his works are devoted to astronomy, 20 to mathematics, 12 to geography and
geodesy, 4 to mineralogy, 1 to physics, 1 to medicine, 15 to history and ethnography,
4 to philosophy, 18 to literature.

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