PPP to Lecture 6 and 7 Lexical SDs and EM part 3 and Syntactical SDs and EMs

1.

Cliche
A cliche is generally defined
as an expression that has
become hackneyed and
trite.
Examples of real cliches
are 'rosy dreams of youth',
'the patter of little feet',

2. Cliche

But most of the widely
recognized wordcombinations which have
been adopted by the
language are unjustly
classified as cliches.

3. Cliche

What is familiar should not be given
a derogatory label.
The set expressions of a language
are 'part and parcel' of the
vocabulary of the language and
cannot be dispensed with by merely
labelling them cliches.

4. Proverbs and Sayings

A proverb or a saying is a peculiar
mode of utterance which is mainly
characterized by its brevity.The
utterance itself, taken at its face
value, presents a pattern which
can be successfully used for other
utterances.

5.

The peculiarity of the use of a
proverb lies in the fact that the
actual wording becomes a
pattern which needs no new
wording to suggest extensions
of
meaning
which
are
contextual.

6. Proverbs and Sayings

The main feature distinguishing
proverbs and sayings from ordinary
utterances remains their semantic
aspect.
Their literal meaning is suppressed
by what may be termed their
transferred meaning.

7. Epigram

An epigram is a stylistic device
akin to a proverb, the only
difference being that epigrams are
coined by individuals whose names
we know, while proverbs are the
coinage of the people.

8. Epigram

In other words, we are always aware
of the parentage of an epigram and
therefore, when using one, we usually
make a reference to its author.
e.g."A God that can be understood is
no God."

9. Epigram

Epigrams possess a great degree
of independence and therefore, if
taken out of the context, will retain
the wholeness of the idea they
express. They have a generalizing
function and are self-sufficient.

10. Epigram

The most characteristic feature of an
epigram is that the sentence gets
accepted as a word-combination and
often becomes part of the language
as a whole. Like proverbs, epigrams
can be expanded to apply to abstract
notions.

11. Quotations

A quotation is a repetition of a
phrase or statement from a
book, speech and the like used
by way of authority, illustration,
proof or as a basis for further
speculation on the matter in
hand.

12. Quotations

Quotations are usually
marked off in the text by
inverted commas (" "),
dashes (—), italics or other
graphical means.

13. Quotations

They are mostly used
accompanied by a reference
to the author of the
quotation, unless he is well
known to the reader or
audience.

14. Quotations

The reference is made either in the text or
in a foot-note and assumes various forms,
as, for instance:
"as (so and so) has it"; "(So and so) once
said that"...; "Here we quote (so and
so)" or in the manner the reference to
Emerson has been made in the epigraph
to this chapter.

15. Allusion

Allusion is a brief and indirect reference
to a person, place, thing or idea of
historical, cultural, literary or political
significance. It does not describe in
detail the person or thing to which it
refers.
It is just a passing comment and the
writer expects the reader to possess
enough knowledge to spot the allusion
and grasp its importance in a text.

16. Allusion

For instance, you make a literary
allusion the moment you say, “I
do
not
approve
of
this quixotic idea,” Quixotic
means stupid and impractical
derived from Cervantes’s “Don
Quixote”, a story of a foolish
knight and his misadventures.

17. Decomposition of Set Phrases

The stylistic device of decomposition of
fused set phrases consists in reviving the
independent meanings which make up the
component parts of the fusion. In other
words, it makes each word of the
combination acquire its literal meaning
which, of course, in many cases leads to
the realization of an absurdity.

18. Decomposition of Set Phrases

Here is an example of this device as employed by
Charles Dickens:
"Mind! I don't mean to say that I know of my own
knowledge, what there is particularly dead about a
door-nail. I might have been inclined, myself, to regard
a coffin nail as the deadest piece of ironmongery in
the trade. But the wisdom of our ancestors is in the
simile; and my unhallowed hands shall not disturb it or
the Country's done for.You will, therefore, permit me to
repeat emphatically that Marley was as dead as a
door-nail." (Dickens)

19.

Тема 3. Syntactical expressive means
and stylistic devices
Supra-Phrasal Units
A supra-phrasal unit may be defined as
a combination of sentences presenting a
structural and semantic unity backed up
by rhythmic and melodic unity. Any SPU
will lose its unity if it suffers breaking.

20. Тема 3. Syntactical expressive means and stylistic devices  Supra-Phrasal Units

Тема 3. Syntactical expressive means
and stylistic devices
Supra-Phrasal Units
Here is the complete SPU.
Guy glanced at his wife's untouched plate.
"If you've finished, we might stroll down. I think you
ought to be starting."
She did not answer. She rose from the table. She went
into her room to see that nothing had been forgotten
and then side by side with him walked down the steps.
(Somerset Maugham)
The next sentence of the paragraph begins: "A little
winding path..." This is obviously the beginning of the
next SPU.

21. Paragraph

A paragraph is a graphical term
used to name a group of
sentences
marked
off
by
indentation at the beginning and a
break in the line at the end.

22. Paragraph

Paragraph structure is not always built on
logical principles alone, as is generally the case
in the style of scientific prose.
In the building of paragraphs in newspaper
style, other requirements are taken into
consideration, for instance, psychological
principles, in particular the sensational effect of
the communication and the grasping capacity
of the reader for quick reading.

23. Paragraph

Considerations of space also play an
important part.
This latter consideration sometimes
overrules the necessity for logical
arrangement and results in breaking the
main rule of paragraph building, i.e. the
unity of idea.