IPv4

1. SOF203 – Fundamentals of Network Technology

Topic and structure of Lesson
Binary Number System
Hexadecimal Number System
MAC Address
IP address (v4)
Classes of IPv4

2. Learning Outcomes

• Discuss the binary numbering system and hexadecimal system
• Briefly discuss the MAC address
• Explain in details of IP address V4

3.

Binary Number System

4. Binary Number System Binary and IPv4 Addresses

Binary numbering system consists of 1s and 0s, called bits
Decimal numbering system consists of digits 0 through 9
Hosts, servers, and network equipment using binary addressing to identify each other.
Each address is made up of a string of 32 bits, divided into four sections called octets.
Each octet contains 8 bits (or 1 byte) separated by a dot.
For ease of use by people, this dotted notation is converted to dotted decimal.

5. Binary Number System Binary Positional Notation

Positional notation means that a digit represents different values depending on the
“position” the digit occupies in the sequence of numbers.
The decimal positional notation system operates as shown in the tables below.
Thousands
Hundreds
Tens
Ones
Radix
10
10
10
10
Positional Value
1000
100
10
1
Position in Number
3
2
1
0
Decimal Number (1234)
1
2
3
4
Calculate
(103)
(102)
(101)
(100)
Calculate
1 x 1000
2 x 100
3 x 10
4x1
Add them up…
1000
+ 200
+ 30
+4
Position Value
1000
100
10
1
Result
1,234

6. Binary Number System Binary Positional Notation (Cont.)

The binary positional notation system operates as shown in the tables below.
Radix
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Position in Number
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Calculate
(27)
(26)
(25)
(24)
(23)
(22)
(21)
(20)
Position Value
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
Positional Value
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
Binary Number (11000000)
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Calculate
1x128
1x64
0x32
0x16
0x8
0x4
0x2
0x1
Add Them Up…
128
+ 64
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
Result
192

7.

Hexadecimal Number System

8. Hexadecimal Number System Hexadecimal and IPv6 Addresses

To understand IPv6 addresses,
you must be able to convert
hexadecimal to decimal and
vice versa.
Hexadecimal is a base sixteen
numbering system, using the
digits 0 through 9 and letters A
to F.
It is easier to express a value
as a single hexadecimal digit
than as four binary bit.
Hexadecimal is used to
represent IPv6 addresses and
MAC addresses.

9.

MAC Address

10. MAC Address

00 -15-58-E3-DC-E9
0
0
1
5
5
8
E
3
D
C
E
9
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0000 0000 0001 0101 0101 1000 1110 0011 1101 1100 1110 1001
48 bits in length
24 bits
24 bits
Vendor ID
Hardware ID
Eg: D Link, Net link, TP link

11. MAC Address

First 24 bits identified the Vendor id
Second 24 bits identified Hardware id
00 – 15 - 58
E3 – DC – E9
Vendor id
Hardware id
This is called Unique MAC address.

12.

IPv4 Address Structure

13. How to form a Logical Network

Make a LAN communication need MAC Address.
Make a Global communication need IP address.
Above diagram need a IP address which is called global network.(Without IP
Where
+
Who
address can’t communicate).
IP Address
Location
+
Identity
Network
+
Host

14. Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)

IP address
Version 4
Version 6
Also using present
Developed for future also using present.
IP address (V4) 32-bit Length
0
.0 .0 .0
Total number of IP address = 2^32 = 4294967296 = 4.3 billion of IP address.
0 . 0 .0 .1
0 . 0 .0 .2
0 . 0 .0 .3
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
255. 255. 255.255
4.3 billion

15. Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)

Host id
Network id
Network id

16. Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)

1stoctet
2^7
2^6
2^5
0
0
0
2ndoctet
3rdoctet
4thoctet
2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^
0
0 0
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
.
0
0
0 0 0 0
.
0
.
0
0
0
0
0 0 0 0
.
0
0
0
.
(0.0.0.0) It is called dotted decimal format.
There are 4 octet
Each octet has 8 bits
1111 1111
1111 1111
1111 1111
1111 1111
|
|
|
|
255
255
255
255
0
0
0
0 0

17. Class of an IP Address

18. Address Classification

19. Range of IP address in “CLASS A”

Fixed
|
0|0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1st Octet Range
|
(0-127) (0.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255)
0|1 1 1 1 1 1 1 127

20. Range of IP address in “CLASS B”

Fixed
| |
1
0
32
1 0 | 0
16
8
4
2
0 0 0 0
1
0 128
(128-191) (128.0.0.0 – 191.255.255.255)
|
1 0 | 1
2nd Octet Range
1 1 1 1
1 191

21. Range of IP address in “CLASS C”

Fixed
|
|
|
1
1
0
1 1
16
8
4
2
1
0 | 0
0
0
0
0 192
|
1 1 0 | 1
3rd Octet Range
(192 - 223) (192.0.0.0-223.255.255.255)
1
1
1
1 223

22. Range of IP address in “CLASS D”

Fixed
| |
|
|
1
1
0
1
1 1 1
8
4
2
1
0|0 0
0
0 224
|
1 1 1
0|1 1
4th Octet Range
(224 -239) (224.0.0.0- 239.255.255.255)
1
1 239

23. Range of IP address in “CLASS E”

Fixed
|
|
|
|
1
1
1
1
8
1 1 1 1 |0
4
0
2
1
0
0 240
(240 -255) (240.0.0.0 – 255.255.255.255)
|
1 1 1 1 |1
5 th Octet Range
1
1
1 255

24. IP Address Classes

Class
Prefix
Length
Number of Host Addresses
First Byte
A
8
1-126*
224 - 2 = 16,777,214
B
16
128-191
216 - 2 = 65,534
C
24
192-223
28 - 2 = 254
D
N/A
224-239
IP multicast
E
N/A
240-255
Experimental
*Addresses starting with 127 are reserved for IP traffic local to a host.
Why minus two? All zeros = Network itself All ones = Broadcast

25. Dotted Decimal Notation System

Naturally, the human mind finds it hard to memorize binary numerical.
The dotted decimal notation system makes an IP address easier to read.

26. Dotted Decimal Notation System

27. Summary

Discussed the binary numbering system and hexadecimal system
Briefly discussed the MAC address
Explained in details of IP address V4

28. Quick revision

What is the bit length of IP address v4?
How many classes in IP address v4?
What is the bit length of MAC address?
How many host bits in Class C?
How many network bits in class B?