The Evolution of Computers: From the Abacus to AI

1. Stages of Computer Development

From Abacus to Artificial Intelligence
Zaitsev Sergey

2. Early Counting Tools

• Abacus (3000 BC) – first calculating tool
• Napier's bones (1617) – for multiplication
• Slide rule (1622) – for calculations
Long ago, people used simple tools to count. The abacus was
one of the first. Later, people invented other tools like Napier's
bones and the slide rule.

3. Mechanical Computers

• Pascal's calculator (1642) – added and
subtracted
• Leibniz's calculator (1673) – also multiplied
• Babbage's Analytical Engine (1837) – first
design for a general computer
In the 17th century, people built mechanical calculators. Pascal and Leibniz made machines for math. In the 19th
century, Babbage designed a big mechanical computer, but it was never finished.

4. First Electronic Computers

• ENIAC (1945) – used vacuum tubes, very big
• UNIVAC (1951) – first commercial computer
• Used for military and business
The first electronic computers used vacuum tubes. They were very large and used a lot of electricity. ENIAC
was one of the first. UNIVAC was the first computer sold to companies.

5. Transistors and Personal Computers

• Transistor (1947) – smaller,
faster, cheaper
• Integrated circuit (1958) –
many transistors on one chip
• IBM PC (1981) – personal
computer for everyone
In 1947, the transistor was invented. It made computers smaller and faster. Then integrated circuits put many
transistors on one chip. In 1981, IBM made the first popular personal computer.

6. Modern Computers and Future

• Microprocessor (1971) – computer on a chip
• Internet, smartphones, AI
• Future: quantum computers, AI
Today, computers are very small and powerful. Microprocessors made this possible. We have internet, smartphones,
and artificial intelligence. In the future, we will see quantum computers and more AI.