wing mechanization

1. Airframe Structures- Wings and wing mechanization (ATA 57)

2.

The term “wing mechanization” means devices to increase lift. This is the
main purpose of wing mechanization

3.

Wing mechanization - a list of devices that are
installed on the wing of an aircraft to change its
characteristics during different stages of flight.
The main purpose of an airplane wing is to create
lift force. This process depends on several
parameters - airspeed, air density, wing area and
its lift coefficient.

4. Types of wing mechanization

In the forward part of the wing:
pre-wings or deflectable noses; in
the tail part - flaps (rotary or
retractable, one, two or threeslot), aileron - flap, lift damper
(brake flaps), as well as external or
internal ailerons, spoilers and
trimmers.

5.

6. Flaps

The flap is a profiled deflecting surface symmetrically located on the trailing edge of the wing
Flaps are always on the trailing edge of the wing and are always downward and can also be
extended backward. Lowering the flap increases the curvature of the wing, while extending the
flap increases the wing area.

7. Types of flaps

Simple (rotary) flap. The simplest type of flap.
Increases lift by increasing the curvature of the
profile. It is simply a downward deflecting trailing
edge of the wing.
Slotted flap. This flap is named after the slit it
creates after deflection. This slit allows the air
jet to pass through to the low pressure area and
is directed in such a way as to prevent the flow
from stalling, giving it additional energy.

8.

A simple (rotary) flap consists of a frame and
a skin. The frame consists of a homogeneous
spar, stringers and ribs. On the spars mounted
flap hinge and control units.
Slotted. For its extension is used specially
profiled guide rails mounted on reinforced
wing nervures, and resting on these rails
(sliding on them rollers and, installed on the
end nervures of the flap on the brackets,
which is connected to the pull rod power
drive release and retraction of flaps.

9. Types of flaps

The retractable flap not only
deflects downward, but also
extends backward. The efficiency
of such a flap is higher because the
high-pressure zone under the wing
is increased and the boundary
layer suction conditions at the top
are improved.

10.

11. Types of flaps

Jungmann flap. Used in the design of the British Firefly deck fighter.
In the released position they significantly increased wing area and lift.
They were to be used not only during takeoff and landing, but also in
flight.
Flap with boundary layer deflation. A flap equipped with a boundary
layer control system. The boundary layer deflation system on flaps is
designed to improve the landing characteristics of the airplane.
Flap with boundary layer deflation. A flap equipped with a boundary
layer control system. The system of boundary layer deflation from the
flaps is designed to improve the landing characteristics of the
airplane.
Jet flap. A flat stream of air flowing at high velocity over the trailing
edge at an angle to the lower surface of the wing.
Guerney flap. A flap standing at the end of the wing perpendicular to
its plane.
Coande flap. A flap that maintains a constant curvature of the upper
surface during its deflection and is blown by a jet of compressed air
or a jet of an air-jet engine.

12.

13. Slats

Slats are deflectable surfaces mounted on the leading edge of the wing.

14.

The adaptive wing slats are automatically deflected to
ensure optimum aerodynamic performance of the wing
throughout the flight. Roll control at high angles of
attack is also ensured by asynchronous control of the
adaptive wing flaps.

15. The rotor wingtip-slats

The rotor wingtip-slats is the original
propulsion system of the airplane,
which is a special rotor located at the
front of the wing and generates lifting
force.

16. A vibrating slats

A vibrating slats
(oscillating wingtip,
flapping wingtip) is an
original airplane
propulsion device, which is
a special wingtip whose
vibration creates a lifting
force.

17. Flaperons (hovering ailerons)

Flaperons (hovering ailerons) are ailerons
that can also act as flaps when they are
deflected downward in in-phase. They are
widely used in ultra-light airplanes and
radio-controlled airplanes when flying at
low speeds, as well as on takeoff and
landing.
The disadvantage is that released flaperons
are ineffective as ailerons.

18. Ailerons

Ailerons are the airplane's lateral controls, i.e. roll channel controls. They operate differentially.
One wing up, the other wing down.

19. Aileron construction

Ailerons as well as other aircraft controls are
similar to the wing in appearance and construction.
It also consists of a frame and cladding. The frame
consists of spars, stringers, ribs, diaphragms,
reinforcing the cutout in the nose of the aileron for
mounting units and control actuators mounted on
the spar. In order to avoid aileron jamming, there
should be one or two nodes among the linkage
assemblies that allow aileron movement along the
span relative to the nodes on the wing.

20. Aileron control system

The rudder and aileron control wiring
is a system of linkages and rockers
1 - helm tube; 2 - control wiring; 3 - germovyvodit; 4 - steering machine; 5,6 - aileron sections.

21. spoilers

spoilers are surfaces on the upper surface of
the wing that are deflected or released into
the flow, which increase aerodynamic drag
and reduce lift. For this reason, interceptors
are also referred to as direct lift controls.
Depending on the purpose and surface area
of the cantilever, its location on the wing and
so on, interceptors are divided into aileron
interceptors and spoilers.

22.

23.

Aileron interceptors - are a complement to
ailerons and are used mainly for roll control. They
are deflected asymmetrically. For example, on
the Tu-154, when the left aileron is deflected
upward by an angle of up to 20°, the aileroninterceptor on the same console is automatically
deflected upward by an angle of up to 45°. As a
result, the lift force on the left wing arm
decreases and the airplane rolls to the left.

24. Конструкция элеронов

Элероны, как и другие органы управления самолетом
по внешним формам и конструкции аналогичны
крылу. Также состоит из каркаса и обшивки. Каркас
состоит из лонжеронов, стрингеров, нервюр,
диафрагм, усиливающих вырез в носке элероны под
узлы крепления и приводы управления,
устанавливаемые на лонжероне.
Для того, чтобы не было заклинивания элеронов,
среди узлов навески должны быть один-два узла,
допускающие перемещение элеронов вдоль размаха
относительно узлов на крыле.

25. Система управления элеронами

Проводка управления рулями и
элеронами представляет собой
систему тяг и качалок
1 – труба штурвала; 2 – проводка управления; 3 – гермовывод; 4 – рулевая машина; 5,6 – секции
элерона.

26. Типы закрылок

Закрылок Юнгмана. Использовался в конструкции британского палубного истребителя «Firefly». В
выпущенном положении значительно увеличивали площадь крыла и подъёмную силу. Их должны
были использовать не только при взлёте и посадке, но и в полёте.
Закрылок со сдувом пограничного слоя. Закрылок, оборудованный системой управления
пограничным слоем. Система сдува пограничного слоя с закрылков предназначена для улучшения
посадочных характеристик самолёта.ёте и посадке, но и в полёте.
Закрылок со сдувом пограничного слоя. Закрылок, оборудованный системой управления
пограничным слоем. Система сдува пограничного слоя с закрылков предназначена для улучшения
посадочных характеристик самолёта.
Реактивный закрылок. Представляет собой плоский поток воздуха, вытекающего с большой
скоростью через заднюю кромку под углом к нижней поверхности крыла.
Закрылок Герни. Закрылок, стоящий в конце крыла перпендикулярно его плоскости.
Закрылок Коандэ. Закрылок, сохраняющий постоянную кривизну верхней поверхности при его
отклонении и обдуваемый струёй сжатого воздуха или реактивной струёй воздушно-реактивного
двигателя.

27. Типы закрылок

Простой (поворотный) закрылок. Самый
простой вид закрылков. Увеличивает подъёмную
силу за счёт увеличения кривизны профиля. Это
просто отклоняемая вниз задняя кромка крыла.
Щелевой закрылок. Получил свое название по
причине образуемой им щели после отклонения.
Эта щель позволяет проходить воздушной струе
к области низкого давления и направлена она
таким образом, чтобы предотвращать срыв
потока, придавая ему дополнительную энергию.

28.

Элерон-интерцепторы — представляют собой
дополнение к элеронам и используются в основном
для управления по крену. Они отклоняются
несимметрично. Например, на Ту-154 при
отклонении левого элерона вверх на угол до 20°,
элерон-интерцептор на этой же консоли
автоматически отклоняется вверх на угол до 45°. В
результате подъёмная сила на левой консоли
крыла уменьшается, и самолёт кренится влево.