Typology. Of the word-group in english and ukrainian

1. TYPOLOGY OF THE WORD-GROUP IN ENGLISH AND UKRAINIAN

TYPOLOGY OF THE WORDGROUP IN ENGLISH AND
UKRAINIAN

2. THE WORD-GROUP (I)

The word-group in both languages
consists of two or more
grammatically connected notional
parts of speech expressing some
content. Word-groups in English
and Ukrainian may be free or
idiomatically bound.

3. THE WORD-GROUP (II)

The elements of notional word-groups can
be joined either syndetically by means of
prepositions or conjunctions (books for
reading, читати по черзі) or asyndetically
by means of intonation (easy-reading books,
писати швидко). English has a greater
asyndetic potential if compared with
Ukrainian because of its analytical
character.

4. SYNTAGMATIC GROUPINGS

syntagmatic groupings of notional words
alone (interesting book, цікава книга),
syntagmatic groupings of notional words
with functional words (to get rid of sth,
зважати на щось),
syntagmatic groupings of functional
words alone (up to, тому що).

5. The links between the elements of a word-group

predicative, uniting the subject and the predicate.
Such word-groups (I go, Ми читаємо) build up
the basis of a sentence;
we observe objective connections in see a book,
малювати картину;
attributive connection unites a substance with its
attribute expressed by an adjective or a noun (a
puny creature, цікава новина);
adverbial connection is subdivided into primary
and secondary.

6. Adverbial connections

The primary adverbial
connection is established
between the verb and its
adverbial modifiers of
various standings (to talk
seriously, to get with
happiness, говорити
голосно, йти з
радістю).
The secondary
adverbial connection
is established between
the non-verbal kernel
expressing a quality
and its adverbial
modifiers of various
standings (wonderfully
interesting, very much
at ease, дуже весело).

7. THE STRUCTURAL FORMS OF WORD-GROUPS (I)

simple, or elemental
word-groups which
consist of two
components connected
with the help of one
grammatical means
(synthetic or analytical):
this book, to see her,
cotton shirt; ці книжки,
гарно читати, зайти у
фойє.
complicated, i. e.
with two ways of
grammatical
connection: writing
and reading letters,
to see Mike driving
a car, довгі
речення для тебе
для аналізу.

8. THE STRUCTURAL FORMS OF WORD-GROUPS (II)

coordinate
subordinate

9. COORDINATE WORD-GROUPS

The elements of the first class are
joined either syndetically (pens
and pencils, газети та журнали)
or asyndetically (read, translate,
learn; їсти, пити, спати). They
are treated open.

10. SUBORDINATE WORD-GROUPS (I)

SUBORDINATE WORDGROUPS (I)
They consist of a head component, which is
the nucleus of a word-group, and one of
more adjuncts \ complements \ subordinate
elements and are treated closed (small
children, to love her, very nice, we all, two
of the guys, well enough, afraid to answer,
гра акторів, вартий нагороди, дехто з
учнів, мало часу, дуже весело, легко на
душі).

11. SUBORDINATE WORD-GROUPS (II)

SUBORDINATE WORDGROUPS (II)
Types of
connection
Agreement
the subordinate
element gets the
same
grammatical
meaning as the
kernel one (this
book, велике
щастя).
Government
the grammatical
meaning of the kernel
element demands
from the subordinate
one particular form
(to be fond of sth,
читаю роман).
Adjoinment
the elements are
joined without
changing their
forms (to go
quickly,
можливість
аналізувати).

12. TYPOLOGY OF THE SENTENCE IN ENGLISH AND UKRAINIAN

13. THE SENTENCE

Any coherent connection of words
according to a definite syntactic
pattern with some communicative
purpose related to reality is
considered to be a sentence. It is
the main communicative language
unit.

14. FEATURES OF THE SENTENCE (I)

Features of the
sentence
communicati
veness
predicativity
modality

15. FEATURES OF THE SENTENCE (II)

The sentence is aimed at rendering some
information. Such information exchange proves
the role of communication as one of sentence
indicators.
Predication establishes a certain grammatical
combination of words. Sentence semantics
presents the unity of nominative and predicative
aspects.
Modality is the ground for expressing the
speaker’s attitude towards the content of an
utterance.

16. According to the aim of communication sentences fall into:

declarative,
interrogative,
imperative,
exclamatory.

17. Declarative sentences

They split into affirmative and negative statements of real,
wishful and conditional modality (The door opened. He
made no remark. Раптом вона заплакала. Він не
заперечував цього). If negation stands in front of the
predicate it bears the general meaning of negation (She
doesn’t want to leave. Він не прийшов на зустріч).
Though certain elements of a sentence may be negated as
well (She studies not at the University. Він навчається не
в Києві). Mind that English has no double negation: She
never admitted her mistakes. Вона ніколи не визнавала
своїх помилок.

18. Interrogative sentences (I)

They possess a common communicative function
and the corresponding kinds: general questions in
English start with an auxiliary, modal or linking
verb followed by the subject, whereas in
Ukrainian – with any part of the sentence (Did you
do that? Ти це зробив?). Structural identity is
observed in disjunctive\tag-questions consisting of
an affirmative or negative statement followed
respectively by a negative and affirmative
question-tag (She is fond of music, isn’t she? Ти
боїшся, чи не так?).

19. Interrogative sentences (II)

Alternative questions are characterized in
both languages by isomorphic features. The
beginning of these sentences presents a
general question (Is it a pen or a pencil? Ви
любите кіно або театр?). Special
questions are opened with an interrogative
pronoun or adverb, which may be
proceeded by prepositions, particles or
interjections (What did you do yesterday?
Що вона зробила?).

20. Interrogative sentences (III)

Allomorphic is the use of prepositions
in the final position in English (What
do you depend upon?). Rhetorical
questions have a modal meaning,
which does not contain any new
information for a speaker. So they need
no answers (Who should I blame?
Невже ти цього не чув?).

21. Imperative sentences

They express demands, orders,
commands, requests, warnings,
prohibition, persuasion, etc. (Go
to the classroom! Говори правду!).

22. Exclamatory sentences

They express exclamation (How
wonderful it was! Як гарно!).

23. STRUCTURAL TYPES OF SENTENCES

one-member
sentences;
two-member
sentences.

24. ONE-MEMBER SENTENCES IN BOTH LANGUAGES

nominative (Night. Measure for Measure.
Темнота та тиша. Чудовий сон!);
inducive (Go right now! Проходьте!);
exclamatory (Great! Як гарно!);
infinitival (To be or not to be? Що
робити?);
elliptical (Taking risks? Подумав?).

25. ONE-MEMBER SENTENCES IN UKRAINIAN (I)

indefinite personal, where the doer of an action is
not identified (Нам подали на стіл обід). In
English the predicate in the sentences conveying
the same idea is expressed in the Passive Voice
form (We were served coffee);
generalized personal, where any person may be
the doer of the action (Хліб сіль їж, а правду
ріж. Працювали весь день). In the English
equivalent sentences the subject may be expressed
by one, we, you (One can enjoy the show. You
can’t be happy about it);

26. ONE-MEMBER SENTENCES IN UKRAINIAN (II)

impersonal, where the doer of an action
can’t be reconstructed (Завечоріло.
Прохолодно. Мені боляче. На столі
олівці). In the corresponding English
sentences most often we use the formal
subject It / There, or change the structure of
the sentence (Twilight set in. It is getting
cold. It gives me much pain. There are
pencils on the table).

27. TWO-MEMBER SENTENCES (I)

extended
unextended

28. TWO-MEMBER SENTENCES (II)

simple
It has only one
predicative link
between the subject
and the predicate (She
is in the garden. Він
сьогодні не пішов у
гості).
composite
It can have more than
one link of such a
kind. Hence, it
contains two clauses.

29. COMPOSITE SENTENCES

compound
complex

30. COMPOUND SENTENCES

If the links between clauses are coordinate,
we deal with a compound sentence. Clauses
may be joined by means of copulative and
adversative conjunctions, or asyndetically in
both languages (Вона не хотіла йти на
концерт, але ми її умовили. He was very
excited and his friends were excited as
well). In English the causal conjunction for
unites coordinate clauses (She came in time
for we used to ask her about it not once).

31. COMPLEX SENTENCES (I)

If one of the clauses in a composite sentence
governs another one, they are linked
subordinately. Such a sentence is called complex.
Depending upon the function of a subordinate
clause in the whole sentence, clauses fall into:
subject (What was important for him was
absolutely necessary for us. Хто чесно бореться,
(той) завжди перемагає);
predicative (She was as if frightened to death.
Вона не така, щоб нічого не робити по дому);

32. COMPLEX SENTENCES (II)

object (He knew that she was faithful to him. Я
хотів, щоб у мене було більше вільного часу);
attributive (The house, which was built not far
from the town, was quite big. Оце та станція,
на якій я зійшов минулого разу);
adverbial clauses:
a) of place (He is happy to be at home where he can
find his true friends. Вони пішли туди, де ми їх
не чекали),
b) of time (When you are free, I am always busy. Я
чекав на них, доки не пішов дощ),

33. COMPLEX SENTENCES (III)

c) manner (She cried as she was asked. Вітер
замутив воду, аж осока зашуміла),
d) comparison (He looked as if he had been caught
in a trap. Вона виглядає так, начебто вона
отримала двійку),
e) condition (If you ask me, I’ll tell you all about
this case. Якби все було добре, вона не поїхала
б додому),
f) concession (She was happy, though we all knew
her fault. Хоча вона й була сердитою, ми
добре провели час),

34. COMPLEX SENTENCES (IV)

g) purpose (I do it, so that you may be pleased. Ми
зателефонуємо йому, щоб він не гаяв час),
h) cause (I am sorry, because you have failed to
amuse me. Я розсердився, тому що ви не
виконали свої обіцянки),
i) result or consequence (I sat down quickly so that
you might be seen by many people. Повітря
було настільки прозоре, що я бачив зорі),
j)
attendant circumstances (I went down the street, my
shoes were creaking) [only in English]. It corresponds to
a compound sentence in Ukrainian (Я пішов по вулиці, а
мої черевики скрипіли).

35. FUNCTIONAL PARTS OF THE SENTENCE

Main:
Secondary:
a) the subject;
a) an object;
b) the predicate. b) an attribute;
c) an adverbial
modifier.

36. THE SUBJECT

NOTIONAL FORMAL
functions as a
points out a
position-filler
person or a
[only
in
non-person
English;
[in both
expressed by It
languages]
/ There]

37. FORMS OF NOTIONAL SUBJECT

Simple (The fog is thinning. She is very
nice. Четвертий переміг. “Але” –
сполучник);
Phrasal (To ask him again is a mistake);
Clausal (Who has done it is to be found.
Того, хто це зробив, буде покарано);
Complex [only in English] (She is
supposed to win).

38. FORMS OF FORMAL SUBJECT

impersonal – describes various states of nature,
things, characteristics of environment, denoting
time, distance (It is spring);
introductory – introduces the notional subject (It
is impossible to deny it. There was a silence for a
moment);
emphatic - in emphatic constructions (It is he,
who did it).

39. THE PREDICATE

SIMPLE
COMPOUND

40. THE SIMPLE PREDICATE

simple verbal
simple nominal
(He, a liar!
(I like singing. She
Захоплююча гра
is in the garden. Я
футбол).
пішов у кіно).

41. THE COMPOUND PREDICATE

COMPOUND
VERBAL
a) compound aspect
verbal (He began
reading a book. Він
розпочав працювати в
дитинстві),
b) compound modal
verbal (We can read
quickly. Ми можемо
записати цей
матеріал).
COMPOUND
NOMINAL
a) compound nominal
(London is the
capital of England.
Київ – столиця
України),
b) double (only in
English – The sun
rose red).

42. AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE SUBJECT & THE PREDICATE

AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE
SUBJECT & THE PREDICATE
INVERSION IN ENGLISH:
full [P + S + O] (Here comes the lady);
partial [P + S + P + O] (Happy may you
be);
grammatical (So do I);
emphatic (Never I have seen her);
linking (Next comes Ann).

43. FORMS OF OBJECT

direct (He sees this monument for the first time.
Він запитав дозвіл на виїзд);
indirect (Tell him the truth. Зробіть йому
масаж);
prepositional (Get rid of these mistakes. Дозвіл
на відрядження був отриманий вчасно);
cognate (He lived a happy life. Він жив
подвійним життям);
complex [only in English]( I saw her cry).

44. TYPES OF ADVERBIAL MODIFIERS

time,
place,
manner,
cause,
purpose,
result,
condition,
concession,
comparison,
attendant circumstances [only in English] (She went to
Africa to die from malaria there).