Scientific traditions and scientific revolutions

1. S.SEIFULLIN KAZAKH AGRO TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY (2708) History and Philosophy of Science Lecturer: Ainur

Abdina - Doctor of philosophical sciences,
Associate Professor of Department of Philosophy
Astana 2018

2. Theme 10. Scientific traditions and scientific revolutions

• The purpose of the lecture: identifying the
relationship between scientific traditions and
scientific revolutions and their impact on the
change of types of scientific rationality.

3. Plan:

• 1. Scientific traditions and the emergence of
new knowledge.
• 2. Problems of the typology of scientific
revolutions.
• 3. Global Revolution and the change in the
type of scientific rationality.

4. Basic concepts:

• Scientific tradition
• Scientific revolution
• Scientific rationality

5. Scientific traditions

• Tradition in science (Lat. Traditio - transfer) - a
mechanism for the accumulation,
preservation and transmission of scientific
knowledge.

6. Scientific traditions

• Traditions vary in their mode of existence they are either expressed in the texts,
monographs, textbooks, or do not have
explicit verbal means of subsistence. Nonverbal (or implicit) knowledge is transmitted
by the type of samples from teacher to
student, from one generation to the next
(“Tacit knowledge" Michael Polanyi).

7. Scientific traditions

• Innovations in science is possible only within
the traditions (which confirms the idea of
Kuhn), but there is a variety of traditions,
which allows us to interdisciplinary
(interaction traditions) as an essential
condition of obtaining new knowledge.

8. Scientific revolution

• Scientific revolutions are a necessary stage in
the development of science, as it was during
the revolutionary changes determined the
basic outlines of the scientific picture of the
world for a long period. However, it is
impossible to think that a paradigm shift leads
to the denial of the old system of knowledge,
on the contrary, the scientific revolution
implies continuity in the development of
scientific knowledge.

9. Scientific revolution

• Global scientific revolutions lead to the
formation of a new vision of the world and
bring with them new ways and methods of
cognition. Global scientific revolution may
initially occur in one of the basic sciences (or
even form this science), making it a leader
science.

10. Scientific revolution

• In the history of science, there are three
global scientific revolution.
• The first revolution in the knowledge of the
world is connected with the name of Aristotle,
who created the formal logic - the main tool of
breeding and systematization of knowledge.

11. Scientific revolution

• The second global scientific revolution led to
the formation of classical science. Its founders
were Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Descartes,
Newton. The result of these scientists was to
create a mechanistic picture of the world on
the basis of experimental and mathematical
science.

12. Scientific revolution

• The third global scientific revolution began in
the late XIX century. (opening of the complex
structure of the atom, the discovery of
radioactivity, X-rays, the discrete nature of
electromagnetic radiation, the emergence of
genetics based on the laws of Mendel, etc.).

13. Scientific revolution

• Stage of historical development of science,
each of which opens a global scientific
revolution, can be described as three historical
types of scientific rationality, successive in the
history of industrial civilization.

14. Scientific revolution

• This is a classic rationality (corresponding to
classical science in its two states - not
disciplinary and disciplinary organized); nonclassical rationality (corresponding to nonclassical science) and postnonclassical
rationality.